Soybean meal in diets for juveniles of pirarucu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.318Keywords:
native fish, nutrition, physiology, protein replacement, carnivorous fishAbstract
In order to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) protein by soybean meal (SM) for juveniles of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) feeds, five isonitrogenous (46% CP) and isocaloric (4,800 kcal kg-1 GE) diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement were tested. One hundred and five fish (233.5 ± 11.5 g) were distributed in fifteen 200-L tanks, fed three times daily to apparent satiation for 120 days. The highest growth rates were observed in diets with up to 30% replacement, but no significant difference was detected as regards to specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mean daily feed intake and mean daily protein intake in fish fed diets with up to 45% FM replacement. Survival rate, condition factor, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were not influenced by the treatments, just as the biochemical analyses were not, except for cholesterol. Fish fed diets with increasing levels of SM presented lower hematological values, and higher mean corpuscular value, indicating probable anemia at 60% FM replacement and hypocholesterolemia. Diets with 15 and 30% FM replacement were the most cost effective suggesting that SM can replace up to 30% of FM in diets for pirarucu juveniles (200 to 1,200 g), without compromising growth performance, fish health, feed digestibility and feed cost effectiveness.
References
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CANTELMO, O. A.; PEZZATO, L. E.; BARROS, M. M.; RIBEIRO, M. A. R. 1999 Influência de diferentes aglutinantes na digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína, no pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) arraçoado com rações elaboradas com ou sem vapor arraçoado com rações elaboradas com ou sem vapor. Acta Scientiarum, 21(2): 277-282.
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CLARKE, E.; WISEMAN, J. 1999 Extrusion temperature impairs trypsin inhibitor activity in soybean meal. Feed Technology, 3(8): 29í 31.
CSAKY, I.; FEKETE, S. 2004 Soybean: Feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals: A review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 52(3): 315-326.
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JAHANBAKHSHI, A.; IMANPOOR, M. R.; TAGHIZADEH, V.; SHABANI, A. 2013 Hematological and serum biochemical indices changes induced by replacing fish meal with plant protein (sesame oil cake and corn gluten) in the Great sturgeon (Huso huso). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(6): 1087í 1092.
KADER, M.A.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; YOKOYAMA, S.; BULBUL, M. 2010 Supplemental effects of some crude ingredients in improving nutritive values of low fishmeal diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 308(3): 136í 144.
KADER, M. A.; BULBUL, M.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; YOKOYAMA, S.; NGUYEN, B. T.; KOMILUS, C. F. 2012 Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 350-353: 109í 116.
KOKOU, F.; RIGOS, G.; HENRY, M.; KENTOURI, M.; ALEXIS, M. 2012 Growth performance, feed utilization and non-specific immune response of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) fed graded levels of a bioprocessed soybean meal. Aquaculture, 364-365: 74í 81.
KUBITZA, F. 2003 Qualidade de água no cultivo de peixes e camarões. Jundiaí, SP. 229 p.
LIM, S.J.; LEE, K.J. 2009 Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Aquaculture, 290(3): 283í 289.
LIM, S. J.; KIM, S.S.; KO, G.Y; SONG, J.W.; OH, D.H.; KIM, J.D.; KIM, J.U.; LEE, K.J. 2011 Fish meal replacement by soymeal in diets for Tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 313(1): 165-170.
LíÅ“LING, K. H. 1964 Zur biologte und í¶kologte von Arapaima gigas (Pisces, Osteoglossidae). Zoomorphology, 54(4), 436-530.
MEDEIROS, P. A. 2014 Dietas práticas com diferentes níveis de proteína e energia na alimentação de juvenis de pirarucu Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) durante a engorda em tanque-rede. Manaus, Amazonas. 61f. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia). Disponível em: <http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/1518 > Acesso em: 06 mar. 2015.
NG, W.K.; WILSON, R.P. 1997 Chromic oxide inclusion in the diet does not affect glucose utilization or chromium retention by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Nutrition. 127(12): 2357-2362.
NRC - National Research Council. 1993 Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 114 p.
OLIVEIRA-JUNIOR, A.A; TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARCON, J. L. 2008 Biochemical and hematological reference ranges for Amazon freshwater turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Reptilia: Pelomedusidae), with morphologic assessment of blood cells. Research in Veterinary Science, 86(1): 146-151.
ONO, E.A.; NUNES, E.S.S.; CEDANO, J.C.C.; PEREIRA-FILHO, M.; ROUBACH, R. 2008 Digestibilidade aparente de dietas práticas com diferentes relações energia:protéina em juvenis de pirarucu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 43(2): 249-254.
PEISKER, M. 2001 Amino acids in aquafeeds: a fresh approach to amino acid nutrition. Aquafeed International, 4: 22-26.
PHAM, M.A.; LEE, K.J.; LIM, S.J.; PARK, K.H. 2007 Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fisheries Science, 73(4): 760í 76.
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SILVA-CARRILLO, Y.; HERNÁNDEZ, C.; HARDY, R. W.; GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, B.; CASTILLO-VARGASMACHUCA, S. 2012 The effect of substituting fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed efficiency, body composition and blood chemistry in juvenile spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Aquaculture, 364-365: 180í 185.
SILVA, R.M. 2013 Substituição parcial da farinha de peixe pelo farelo de soja na dieta de juvenis de pirarucu Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822). 47f. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto Nacional de pesquisas da Amazônia). Manaus, Amazonas. Disponível em: < http://pgaquicultura.inpa.gov.br/index.php/2-uncategorised/83-2013> Acesso em: 19 dez. 2014.
SLAWSKI, H.; ADEM, H.; TRESSEL, R.P.; WYSUJACK, K.; KOOPS, U.; KOTZAMANIS, Y.; WUERTZ, S.; SCHULZ, C. 2012 Total fish meal replacement with rapeseed protein concentrate in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquaculture International, 20(3): 443í 453.
STECH, M. R.; CARNEIRO, D. J.; CARVALHO, M. R. B. 2010 Fatores antinutricionais e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína de produtos de soja para o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(3): 255-262.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARCON, J.L.; LEMOS, J. R. G.; FIM, J.D.I.; AFFONSO, E. G.; ONO, E.A. 2008 Índices de condição corporal em juvenis de Brycon amazonicus (Spix&Agassiz, 1829) e Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier,1818) na Amazônia. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(2): 197-204.
YANG, Y.; WANG, Y.; LU, Y.; LI, Q. 2011 Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 19(3): 405í 419.
YE, J.; LIU, X.; WANG, Z.; WANG, K. 2011 Effect of partial fish meal replacement by soybean meal on the growth performance and biochemical indices of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture International, 19(1):143í 153.
ZHOU, F.; SONG, W.; SHAO, Q.; PENG, X.; XIAO, J.; HUA, Y.; OWARI, B. N. 2011 Partial replacement of fish meal by fermented soybean meal in diets for black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(2): 184-197.
ARNDT, R.E.; HARDY, R.W.; SUGIURA, S.H.; DONG, F.M. 1999 Effects of heat treatment and substitution level on palatability and nutritional value of soy defatted flour in feeds for Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture, 180(1): 129í 145.
AVMA - American Veterinary Medical Associations. 2007 Guidelines on Euthanasia. 36p.
AZARM, H. M.; LEE, S. 2014 Effects of partial substitution of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal on growth performance, amino acid and biochemical parameters of juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Aquaculture Research, 45(6): 994í 1003.
BARD J.; IMBIRIBA E.P. 1986 Piscicultura de pirarucu, Arapaima gigas. Nº 52. EMBRAPA-CPATU, Belém, Brasil. 52 p.
BELLAVER, C.; FIALHO, E.T.; PROTAS, J.F.S. 1985 Radícula de malte na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 20(8): 969-974.
CABALLERO, M. J.; LÓPEZ-CALERO, G.; SOCORRO, J.; ROO, F. J.; IZQUIERDO, M. S.; FÉRNANDEZ, A. J. 1999 Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179(1): 277-290.
CANTELMO, O. A.; PEZZATO, L. E.; BARROS, M. M.; RIBEIRO, M. A. R. 1999 Influência de diferentes aglutinantes na digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína, no pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) arraçoado com rações elaboradas com ou sem vapor arraçoado com rações elaboradas com ou sem vapor. Acta Scientiarum, 21(2): 277-282.
CHO, C.Y. 1987 Fish nutrition, feeds and feeding: with special emphasis on salmonid aquaculture. Food Reviews International, 6(3): 333í 357.
CLARKE, E.; WISEMAN, J. 1999 Extrusion temperature impairs trypsin inhibitor activity in soybean meal. Feed Technology, 3(8): 29í 31.
CSAKY, I.; FEKETE, S. 2004 Soybean: Feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals: A review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 52(3): 315-326.
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. 2014 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2 June, 244 p.
FREITAS, L. E. L.; NUNES, A. J. P.; SÁ, M. V. C. 2011 Growth and feeding responses of the mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828), fed on diets with soy protein concentrate in replacement of Anchovy fish meal. Aquaculture Research, 42(6): 866-877.
FURUKAWA, A.; TSUKAHARA, H. 1966 On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bulletin of de Japanese Society for the Science Fisheries, 32: 502-506.
GATLIN, D.M. III; BARROWS, F. T.; BROWN, P.; DABROWSKI, K.; GAYLORD, T. G.; HARDY, R.W.; HERMAN, E.; HU, G.; KROGDAHL, A.; NELSON, R.; OVERTURF, K.; RUST, M.; SEALEY, W.; SKONBERG, D.; SOUZA, E. J.; STONE, D.; WILSON, R.; WURTELE, E. 2007 Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeeds: a review. Aquaculture Research, 38(6): 551í 579.
HARDY, R. W. 1999 Aquaculture’s rapid growth requeriments for alternate protein sources. Feed Management, 50(1): 25-28.
HEATH, A. G. 1995 Water pollution and fish physiology. 2ed. Boca Raton: CRC.
HOULIHAN, D.; BOUJARD, T.; JOBLING, M., 2001 Food intake in fish. Ed. Osney Mead, Oxford, UK. 418 p.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; BOIJINK, C.L.; RIBEIRO, P.T.; SILVA, A.M.D.; AFFONSO, E.G. 2011 Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos. Acta Amazônica, 41(2): 327 í 332.
JAHANBAKHSHI, A.; IMANPOOR, M. R.; TAGHIZADEH, V.; SHABANI, A. 2013 Hematological and serum biochemical indices changes induced by replacing fish meal with plant protein (sesame oil cake and corn gluten) in the Great sturgeon (Huso huso). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(6): 1087í 1092.
KADER, M.A.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; YOKOYAMA, S.; BULBUL, M. 2010 Supplemental effects of some crude ingredients in improving nutritive values of low fishmeal diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 308(3): 136í 144.
KADER, M. A.; BULBUL, M.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; YOKOYAMA, S.; NGUYEN, B. T.; KOMILUS, C. F. 2012 Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 350-353: 109í 116.
KOKOU, F.; RIGOS, G.; HENRY, M.; KENTOURI, M.; ALEXIS, M. 2012 Growth performance, feed utilization and non-specific immune response of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) fed graded levels of a bioprocessed soybean meal. Aquaculture, 364-365: 74í 81.
KUBITZA, F. 2003 Qualidade de água no cultivo de peixes e camarões. Jundiaí, SP. 229 p.
LIM, S.J.; LEE, K.J. 2009 Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Aquaculture, 290(3): 283í 289.
LIM, S. J.; KIM, S.S.; KO, G.Y; SONG, J.W.; OH, D.H.; KIM, J.D.; KIM, J.U.; LEE, K.J. 2011 Fish meal replacement by soymeal in diets for Tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 313(1): 165-170.
LíÅ“LING, K. H. 1964 Zur biologte und í¶kologte von Arapaima gigas (Pisces, Osteoglossidae). Zoomorphology, 54(4), 436-530.
MEDEIROS, P. A. 2014 Dietas práticas com diferentes níveis de proteína e energia na alimentação de juvenis de pirarucu Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) durante a engorda em tanque-rede. Manaus, Amazonas. 61f. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia). Disponível em: <http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/1518 > Acesso em: 06 mar. 2015.
NG, W.K.; WILSON, R.P. 1997 Chromic oxide inclusion in the diet does not affect glucose utilization or chromium retention by channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Nutrition. 127(12): 2357-2362.
NRC - National Research Council. 1993 Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 114 p.
OLIVEIRA-JUNIOR, A.A; TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARCON, J. L. 2008 Biochemical and hematological reference ranges for Amazon freshwater turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Reptilia: Pelomedusidae), with morphologic assessment of blood cells. Research in Veterinary Science, 86(1): 146-151.
ONO, E.A.; NUNES, E.S.S.; CEDANO, J.C.C.; PEREIRA-FILHO, M.; ROUBACH, R. 2008 Digestibilidade aparente de dietas práticas com diferentes relações energia:protéina em juvenis de pirarucu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 43(2): 249-254.
PEISKER, M. 2001 Amino acids in aquafeeds: a fresh approach to amino acid nutrition. Aquafeed International, 4: 22-26.
PHAM, M.A.; LEE, K.J.; LIM, S.J.; PARK, K.H. 2007 Evaluation of cottonseed and soybean meal as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fisheries Science, 73(4): 760í 76.
ROSTAGNO, H. S.; ALBINO, L. F. T.; DONZELE, J. L.; GOMES, P. C.; OLIVEIRA, R. F.; LOPES, D. C.; FERREIRA, A. S.; BARRETO, S. L. T.; EUCLIDES, R. F. 2011 Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais de aves e suínos. 3ª ed. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 252p.
SILVA-CARRILLO, Y.; HERNÁNDEZ, C.; HARDY, R. W.; GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, B.; CASTILLO-VARGASMACHUCA, S. 2012 The effect of substituting fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed efficiency, body composition and blood chemistry in juvenile spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Aquaculture, 364-365: 180í 185.
SILVA, R.M. 2013 Substituição parcial da farinha de peixe pelo farelo de soja na dieta de juvenis de pirarucu Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822). 47f. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto Nacional de pesquisas da Amazônia). Manaus, Amazonas. Disponível em: < http://pgaquicultura.inpa.gov.br/index.php/2-uncategorised/83-2013> Acesso em: 19 dez. 2014.
SLAWSKI, H.; ADEM, H.; TRESSEL, R.P.; WYSUJACK, K.; KOOPS, U.; KOTZAMANIS, Y.; WUERTZ, S.; SCHULZ, C. 2012 Total fish meal replacement with rapeseed protein concentrate in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquaculture International, 20(3): 443í 453.
STECH, M. R.; CARNEIRO, D. J.; CARVALHO, M. R. B. 2010 Fatores antinutricionais e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína de produtos de soja para o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(3): 255-262.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARCON, J.L.; LEMOS, J. R. G.; FIM, J.D.I.; AFFONSO, E. G.; ONO, E.A. 2008 Índices de condição corporal em juvenis de Brycon amazonicus (Spix&Agassiz, 1829) e Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier,1818) na Amazônia. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(2): 197-204.
YANG, Y.; WANG, Y.; LU, Y.; LI, Q. 2011 Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 19(3): 405í 419.
YE, J.; LIU, X.; WANG, Z.; WANG, K. 2011 Effect of partial fish meal replacement by soybean meal on the growth performance and biochemical indices of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture International, 19(1):143í 153.
ZHOU, F.; SONG, W.; SHAO, Q.; PENG, X.; XIAO, J.; HUA, Y.; OWARI, B. N. 2011 Partial replacement of fish meal by fermented soybean meal in diets for black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(2): 184-197.
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2018-12-22
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