Monitoring whole blood, plasma and serum variables of nile tilapia during 24 hours, after capture stress
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.44.4.369Keywords:
fish, stress, circadian cycle, managementAbstract
Stress is know as responsible for the decrease in immunity and reduced survival, growth, and reproductive capacity of animals. Besides, organisms respond to certain biological rhythms, such as circadian, to which animals naturally adjust. This study aimed to monitor the plasma (lactate and total protein), serum (cortisol and cholesterol) and whole blood (glucose) variables in tilapia in a 24 h cycle. A set of 49 aquariums with 5 individuals each were used. All of them, at the beginning of the experiment, were subjected to the same stress of capture and handling. The animals from the first aquaria were sampled after 15 min of stress. Blood samples from animals of the remaining aquarium were sequentially drawn at 30-min intervals. Radar charts were used to visualize the hourly change in the measured variables. Significant differences of each analysis between the measured variables by aquarium and the phases of the circadian cycle (light-dark) and morning-afternoon-night-dawn intervals, were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. A positive relationship between cortisol and glucose levels was found. Most analysis, except cholesterol and lactate did not show any significant difference between light and dark periods, and the intensity and frequency of peaks observed were not deleterious to individuals.
References
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BARTON, B.A.; PETER, R.E.; PAULENCU, C.R. 1980 Plasma cortisol levels of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at rest, and subjected to handling, confinement, transport, and stocking. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(5): 805-811.
BARTON, B.A.; IWAMA, G.K. 1991 Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1: 3-26.
BARTON, B.A. 2002 Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3): 517-525.
BARTON, B.A.; SCHRECK, C.B.; SIGISMONDI, L.A. 2011 Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 15(2): 245-251.
BOLTON, J.D. 2007 Clinical use of lactate testing in shock states. Seminars in Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, 26: 35-39.
BOSISIO, F.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Alterations in the hematological parameters of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different salinities. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 12(2): 146-154.
BRANDSTí"žTTER, R. 2003 Encoding time of day and time of year by the avian circadian system. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15(4): 398-404.
BYRON, M.; BENFEY, T.J. 1994 Cortisol, glucose and hematocrit changes during acute stress, cohort sampling, and the diel cycle in diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 13(2): 153-160.
CARNEIRO P.C.F.; URBINATI, E.C. 2002 Transport stress in matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Teleostei: Characidae), at different densities. Aquaculture International, 10(3): 221-224.
DAVIS, K.B.; PETERSON, B.C. 2006 The effect of temperature, stress, and cortisol on plasma IGF-I and IGFBPs in Sunshine bass. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 149(3): 219í 225.
DEL POZO, A.; MONTOYA, A.; VERA, L.M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2012 Daily rhythms of clock gene expression, glycaemia and digestive physiology in diurnal/nocturnal European seabass. Physiology & Behavior, 106(4): 446-450.
EINARSDÓTTIR, I.E.; NILSSEN, K.J. 1996 Stress responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) elicited by water level reduction in rearing tanks. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15(5): 395-400.
HEMPEL, E. 2002 Tilapia, the new whitefish. Seafood international, AGRA, 17(10): 16-20.
HERRERO, M.J.; MADRID, J.A.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2003 Entrainment to light of circadian activity rhythms in tench (Tinca tinca). Chronobiology International, 20(6): 1001-1017.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; NILSSEN, K.J. 1998 Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Aquaculture, 168(1-4): 387-394.
JENTOFT, S.; AASTVEIST, A.H.; TORJESEN, P.A.; ANDERSEN, O. 2005 Effects of stress on growth, cortisol and glucose levels in non-domesticated Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Molecular Integrated Physiology, 141(3): 353-358.
KULCZYKOWSKA, E.; SÁNCHEZ-VAZQUEZ, F.J. 2010 Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: aspects of feeding rhythm and stress. Aquaculture Research, 41(5): 654-667.
LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; BLANCO-VIVES, B.; PUJANTE, I.M.; WUNDERINK, Y.S.; MANCERA, J.M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2013 Daily rhythms in the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis and acute stress responses in a teleost flatfish, Solea senegalensis. Chronobiology International, 30(4): 530í 539.
LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; EGEA-ÁLVAREZ, M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2009 Glucose tolerance in fish: Is the daily feeding time important? Physiology & Behavior, 96(4-5): 631-636.
MADRID, J.A.; BOUJARD, T.; SANCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2001 Feeding rhythms. In: HOULIAN, D.; BOUJARD, T.; JORLING, M. Food Intake in Fish. Blackwell Science: 189-215.
MILLIGAN, C.L.; FARRELL, A.P. 1991 Lactate utilization by an in situ perfused trout heart: effects of workload and blockers of lactate transport. Journal of the Experimental Biology, 155: 357í 373.
MOMMSEN, T.; VIJAYAN, M.; MOON, T. 1999 Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of actions, and metabolic regulation. Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 9: 211-268.
MONTOYA, A.; LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; GARAYZAR, A.B.S.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2010 Synchronization of daily rhythms of locomotor activity and plasma glucose, cortisol and thyroid hormones to feeding in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) under a lightí dark cycle. Physiology & Behavior, 101: 101-107.
NOLAN, S.J.; MCNULTY, J.M.; KRISHNASAMY, R.; MCGREGOR, W.G. 1999 C8-guanine adduct-induced stabilization of a -1 frame shift intermediate in a nonrepetitive DNA sequence. Biochemistry, 38(42): 14056í 14062.
OLIVEIRA, C.; DINIS, M.T.; SOARES, F.; CABRITA, E.; POUSÃO-FERREIRA, P.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2009 Lunar and daily spawning rhythms of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Journal of Fish Biology, 75(1): 61-74.
PANDA, S.; HOGENESCH, J. B.; KAY, S.A. 2002 Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886): 329-335.
PARANJPE, D.A.; SHARMA, V.K. 2005 Evolution of temporal order in living organisms. Journal Circadian Rhythms, 3: 7-19.
PETERS, G.; DELVENTHAL, H.; KLINGER, H. 1980 Physiological and morphological effects of social stress in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Archive fur fischereiwissenschaft, 30: 157-180.
ROCHA, R.M.; CARVALHO, E.G.; URBINATI, E.C. 2004 Physiological responses associated with capture and crowding stress in matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Aquaculture Research, 35(3): 245-249.
ROENNEBERG, T.; MERROW, M. 2002 "What watch?... such much!â€Â* Complexity and evolution of circadian clocks. Cell and Tissue Research, 309(1): 3-9.
SAMPAIO, F.D.F.; FREIRE, C.A. 2016 An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration. Fish and Fisheries, 17(4): 1055-1072.
SCHRECK, C.B.; TORT, L. 2016 The concept of stress in fish. In: SCHRECK, C.B.; TORT, L.; FARREL, A.P.; BRAUNER, C. Biology of Stress in Fish, 35, 1st Edition, 602p.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667): 1383í 1392.
VERA, L.M.; DE PEDRO, N.; GÓMEZ-MILÁN, E.; DELGADO, M.J.; SÁNCHEZ-MUROS, M.J.; MADRID, J.A.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2007 Feeding entrainment of locomotor activity rhythms, digestive enzymes and neuroendocrine factors in goldfish. Physiology & Behavior, 90(2-3): 518-524.
VIJAYAN, M.M.; BALLANTIYNE, J.S.; LEATHERLAND, J.F. 1991 Cortisol induced changes in some aspects of the intermediary metabolism of Salvelinus fontinalis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 82(3): 476-486.
VIJAYAN, M.M.; MOON, T.W. 1994 The stress response and the plasma disappearance of corticosteroid and glucose in a marine teleost, the sea raven. The Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72(3): 379-386.
VOLPATO, G.L.; BARRETO, R.E. 2001 Environmental blue light prevents stress in the fish Nile tilapia. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 34(8): 1041-1045.
WEDEMEYER, G. 1972 Some physiological consequences of handling stress in the juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhychus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gardnerii). Journal of Fish Research Board of Canada, 29(12): 1780-1783.
WENDEELAR-BONGA S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591í 625.
ZAR, J.H. 2010 Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall. Inc., 5th ed.944p.
BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; WOEHL, V.M.; WASSERMANN, G.F.; QUEVEDO, R.M.; ITTZÉS, I.; KRIEG, M.H. 2001 Plasma levels of cortisol and glucose in response to capture and tank transference in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard), a South American catfish. Aquaculture Research, 32(2): 121í 123.
BARTON, B.A.; PETER, R.E.; PAULENCU, C.R. 1980 Plasma cortisol levels of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at rest, and subjected to handling, confinement, transport, and stocking. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(5): 805-811.
BARTON, B.A.; IWAMA, G.K. 1991 Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1: 3-26.
BARTON, B.A. 2002 Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3): 517-525.
BARTON, B.A.; SCHRECK, C.B.; SIGISMONDI, L.A. 2011 Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 15(2): 245-251.
BOLTON, J.D. 2007 Clinical use of lactate testing in shock states. Seminars in Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, 26: 35-39.
BOSISIO, F.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Alterations in the hematological parameters of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different salinities. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 12(2): 146-154.
BRANDSTí"žTTER, R. 2003 Encoding time of day and time of year by the avian circadian system. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15(4): 398-404.
BYRON, M.; BENFEY, T.J. 1994 Cortisol, glucose and hematocrit changes during acute stress, cohort sampling, and the diel cycle in diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 13(2): 153-160.
CARNEIRO P.C.F.; URBINATI, E.C. 2002 Transport stress in matrinxã, Brycon cephalus (Teleostei: Characidae), at different densities. Aquaculture International, 10(3): 221-224.
DAVIS, K.B.; PETERSON, B.C. 2006 The effect of temperature, stress, and cortisol on plasma IGF-I and IGFBPs in Sunshine bass. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 149(3): 219í 225.
DEL POZO, A.; MONTOYA, A.; VERA, L.M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2012 Daily rhythms of clock gene expression, glycaemia and digestive physiology in diurnal/nocturnal European seabass. Physiology & Behavior, 106(4): 446-450.
EINARSDÓTTIR, I.E.; NILSSEN, K.J. 1996 Stress responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) elicited by water level reduction in rearing tanks. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15(5): 395-400.
HEMPEL, E. 2002 Tilapia, the new whitefish. Seafood international, AGRA, 17(10): 16-20.
HERRERO, M.J.; MADRID, J.A.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2003 Entrainment to light of circadian activity rhythms in tench (Tinca tinca). Chronobiology International, 20(6): 1001-1017.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; NILSSEN, K.J. 1998 Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Aquaculture, 168(1-4): 387-394.
JENTOFT, S.; AASTVEIST, A.H.; TORJESEN, P.A.; ANDERSEN, O. 2005 Effects of stress on growth, cortisol and glucose levels in non-domesticated Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Molecular Integrated Physiology, 141(3): 353-358.
KULCZYKOWSKA, E.; SÁNCHEZ-VAZQUEZ, F.J. 2010 Neurohormonal regulation of feed intake and response to nutrients in fish: aspects of feeding rhythm and stress. Aquaculture Research, 41(5): 654-667.
LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; BLANCO-VIVES, B.; PUJANTE, I.M.; WUNDERINK, Y.S.; MANCERA, J.M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2013 Daily rhythms in the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis and acute stress responses in a teleost flatfish, Solea senegalensis. Chronobiology International, 30(4): 530í 539.
LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; EGEA-ÁLVAREZ, M.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2009 Glucose tolerance in fish: Is the daily feeding time important? Physiology & Behavior, 96(4-5): 631-636.
MADRID, J.A.; BOUJARD, T.; SANCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2001 Feeding rhythms. In: HOULIAN, D.; BOUJARD, T.; JORLING, M. Food Intake in Fish. Blackwell Science: 189-215.
MILLIGAN, C.L.; FARRELL, A.P. 1991 Lactate utilization by an in situ perfused trout heart: effects of workload and blockers of lactate transport. Journal of the Experimental Biology, 155: 357í 373.
MOMMSEN, T.; VIJAYAN, M.; MOON, T. 1999 Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of actions, and metabolic regulation. Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 9: 211-268.
MONTOYA, A.; LÓPEZ-OLMEDA, J.F.; GARAYZAR, A.B.S.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2010 Synchronization of daily rhythms of locomotor activity and plasma glucose, cortisol and thyroid hormones to feeding in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) under a lightí dark cycle. Physiology & Behavior, 101: 101-107.
NOLAN, S.J.; MCNULTY, J.M.; KRISHNASAMY, R.; MCGREGOR, W.G. 1999 C8-guanine adduct-induced stabilization of a -1 frame shift intermediate in a nonrepetitive DNA sequence. Biochemistry, 38(42): 14056í 14062.
OLIVEIRA, C.; DINIS, M.T.; SOARES, F.; CABRITA, E.; POUSÃO-FERREIRA, P.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2009 Lunar and daily spawning rhythms of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Journal of Fish Biology, 75(1): 61-74.
PANDA, S.; HOGENESCH, J. B.; KAY, S.A. 2002 Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature, 417(6886): 329-335.
PARANJPE, D.A.; SHARMA, V.K. 2005 Evolution of temporal order in living organisms. Journal Circadian Rhythms, 3: 7-19.
PETERS, G.; DELVENTHAL, H.; KLINGER, H. 1980 Physiological and morphological effects of social stress in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Archive fur fischereiwissenschaft, 30: 157-180.
ROCHA, R.M.; CARVALHO, E.G.; URBINATI, E.C. 2004 Physiological responses associated with capture and crowding stress in matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Aquaculture Research, 35(3): 245-249.
ROENNEBERG, T.; MERROW, M. 2002 "What watch?... such much!â€Â* Complexity and evolution of circadian clocks. Cell and Tissue Research, 309(1): 3-9.
SAMPAIO, F.D.F.; FREIRE, C.A. 2016 An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration. Fish and Fisheries, 17(4): 1055-1072.
SCHRECK, C.B.; TORT, L. 2016 The concept of stress in fish. In: SCHRECK, C.B.; TORT, L.; FARREL, A.P.; BRAUNER, C. Biology of Stress in Fish, 35, 1st Edition, 602p.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667): 1383í 1392.
VERA, L.M.; DE PEDRO, N.; GÓMEZ-MILÁN, E.; DELGADO, M.J.; SÁNCHEZ-MUROS, M.J.; MADRID, J.A.; SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J. 2007 Feeding entrainment of locomotor activity rhythms, digestive enzymes and neuroendocrine factors in goldfish. Physiology & Behavior, 90(2-3): 518-524.
VIJAYAN, M.M.; BALLANTIYNE, J.S.; LEATHERLAND, J.F. 1991 Cortisol induced changes in some aspects of the intermediary metabolism of Salvelinus fontinalis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 82(3): 476-486.
VIJAYAN, M.M.; MOON, T.W. 1994 The stress response and the plasma disappearance of corticosteroid and glucose in a marine teleost, the sea raven. The Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72(3): 379-386.
VOLPATO, G.L.; BARRETO, R.E. 2001 Environmental blue light prevents stress in the fish Nile tilapia. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 34(8): 1041-1045.
WEDEMEYER, G. 1972 Some physiological consequences of handling stress in the juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhychus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gardnerii). Journal of Fish Research Board of Canada, 29(12): 1780-1783.
WENDEELAR-BONGA S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591í 625.
ZAR, J.H. 2010 Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall. Inc., 5th ed.944p.
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2018-12-26
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