The chronic toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate on juvenile Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Keywords:
nitrogen compounds, performance, pink shrimpAbstract
In general, the adverse effect of a chemical compound present in water varies with the concentration and time of exposure to the compound, the nature of the chemical species and age of the exposed organisms. Thus, nitrogen does not necessarily cause adverse effects on shrimp, but, instead, may promote sub-lethal effects by long-term exposure. Juvenile Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (initial mean weight = 0.61 g ± 0.07) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of ammonia (0.44 and 0.88 mg L-1), nitrite (5.30 and 10.60 mg L-1) and nitrate (45.60 and 91.20 mg L-1) corresponding to the safe levels for the species. After 40 days of exposure of juveniles to ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, all groups differed significantly (p<0.05) from the control group regarding the growth and survival. Based on the results, it was determined that the shrimp F. brasiliensis was susceptible to nitrogen compounds in concentrations equivalent to supposedly safe levels previously proposed for the species. Thus, the security levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate for pink shrimp juveniles were 0.88 mg L-1, 10.60 mg L-1 and 91.20 mg L-1, respectively.
References
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BARBIERI, E. 2010 Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad,
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BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V.; MELO, C.B.;HENRIQUES, M.B. 2014 Nitrite toxicity to Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels.Aquaculture Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1111/are.12583.
BENDSCHNEIDER, K. e ROBINSON, R.J. 1952 A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite in sea water. Journal of Marine Research, 11: 87-96.
BROWNELL, C.L. 1980 Water quality requirements for first feeding in marine fish larvae: ammonia,
nitrite and nitrate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 44(2): 269-283.
CAMPOS, B.R.; MIRANDA-FILHO, K.; D’INCAO,F.; POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY, W. 2012 Toxicidade aguda da amônia, nitrito e nitrato sobre os juvenis de camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus
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CHEN, J.C. and CHEN, S.F. 1992 Effects of nitrite on growth and molting of Penaeus monodon
juveniles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C., 101(3): 453-458.
CHEN, J.C.; CHIN, C.K.; LEE, C.K. 1986 Effects of ammonia and nitrite on larval development of
the shrimp Penaeus monodon. The first Asian fisheries forum. Asian fishery Society. p.657-662.
COBO, M.L.; SONNENHOLZNER, S.; WILLE, M.; SORGELOOS, P. 2014. Ammonia tolerance of
Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 45(3): 470-475.
EMERENCIANO, M.; BALLESTER, E.L.C.;CAVALLI, R.O.; WASIELESKY, W. 2012 Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquaculture Research, 43(3): 447-457.
FRIAS-ESPERICUETA, M.G.; HARFUSH-MELENDEZ,M.; OSUNA-LSPEZ, J.I.; PAEZ-OSUNA, F. 1999
Acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 62(5): 646-652.
FROMM, P.O. and GILLETE, J.R. 1968 Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia and nitrogen
excretion of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 26(3):
887-896.
FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W.2011 Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, 321(1-2): 130-135.
GROSS, A. 2004 Acute and chronic effects of nitrite on white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in low-salinity brackish water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35(3): 315-321.
JENSEN, L.V. 2012 Produção e transporte do camarãorosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis para a pesca amadora. São Carlos, 133p. (Tese de Doutorado.Universidade Federal de São Carlos). Available at: <http://www.bdtd.ufscar.br/htdocs/tedeSimplificado//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5407>
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KINNE, O. Marine Ecology. New York: Wiley interscience. Vol III, part 1. p.79-300.
KUHN, D.D.; BOARDMAN, G.D.; MARSH, L.;LAWRENCE, A.L.; FLICK, G.J. 2009 Technology and research advances for the production of marine shrimp in recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Shellfish Research, 28: 709p.
KUHN, D.D.; SMITH, S.A.; BOARDMAN, G.D.;ANGIER, M.W.; MARSH, L.F.J.; GEORGE, J. 2010 Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Impacts on survival, growth, antennae length, and pathology. Aquaculture, 309(1-4): 109-114.
LIN, Y.C. and CHEN, J.C. 2001 Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone
juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1):
109-119.
LIN, Y.C. and CHEN, J.C. 2003 Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles
at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 224(1-4): 193-201.
LOPES, D.A.; PEIXOTO, S.R.M.; WASIELESKY, W.;BALLESTER, E.L.C. 2009 Análise comparativa
da criação dos camarões-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e Farfantepenaeus paulensis criados em gaiolas em ambiente estuarino. Ciência Rural, 39(9): 1540-1546.
MAICÁ, P.F.; BORBA, M.R.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zerowater-exchange super-intensive system. Aquaculture Research, 43(7): 361-370.
MIRANDA-FILHO, K.C.; PINHO, G.L.L.; WASIELESKY, W.; BIANCHINI, A. 2009 Longterm ammonia toxicity to the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 150(3): 377-382.
MONTOYA, R.A.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; GRANT, W.E.;VELASO, M. 1999. Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and shrimp growth in an intensive shrimp culture system: effects of feed and feeding parameters. Ecological Modelling, 122(1-2):81í 95.
OSTRENSKY, A. and WASIELESKY, W. 1995 Acute toxicity of ammonia to various life stages of the
São Paulo shrimp Penaeus paulensis PérezFarfante, 1967. Aquaculture, 132(3-4): 339-347.
POERSCH, L.H.; SANTOS, M.H.S.; MIRANDA, K.F.; WASIELESKY, W. 2007 Efeito agudo do nitrato
sobre alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 33(2):
247-252.
RAND, G.M. and PETROCELLI, P.R. 1985 Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. 1º ed. Taylor & Francis, USA. 666p.
SOUZA, D.M.; SUITA, S.M.; ROMANO, L.A.; WASIELESKY, W.Jr.; BALLESTER, E.L.C. 2014 Use of molasses as a carbon source during the nursery rearing of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis
(Latreille, 1817) in a biofloc technology system.Aquaculture Research, 45(2): 270-277.
TAHON, J.P.; VAN HOOF, D.; VINCKIER, C.; WITTERS, R.; DE LEY, M.; LONHE, R. 1988 The reaction of nitrite with the haemocyanin of Astacus leptodactylus. Biochemical Journal, 249(3):233-242.
TSAI, S.J. e CHEN, J.C. 2002 Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 163-170.
TOMASSO, J.R. 1994 Toxicicity of nitrogenous Wastes to Aquaculture Animals. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 2(4): 291-314.
UNESCO. 1983 Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and Guides 12.Intergovernamental Oceanographic Commissiony.Paris, France. 53p.
VAN WYK, P. and SCARPA, J. 1999 Water quality requirements and management. In: VAN WYK,
P. Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Tallahassee: Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. p.128-138.
WAJSBROT, N.; GASITH, A.; DIAMANT, A.;POPPER, D.M. 1993 Chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and related histopatological effects. Journal of Fish Biology, 42(3): 321-328.
WASIELESKY, W.J. 2000 Cultivo de juvenis do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Decapoda,
Penaeidae) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos: efeitos dos parí¢metros ambientais. Rio Grande. 147p. (Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal de Rio Grande).
WASIELESKY, W.J.; MARCHIORI, M.A. (in memorian); SANTOS, M.H.S. 1994. Efeito da amônia no crescimento de pós-larvas do camarão rosa, Penaeus paulensis, Pérez-Farfante,1967 (Decapoda:Penaeidae). Nauplius, 2: 99-105.
WASIELESKY, W.; PEIXOTO, S.; JENSEN, L.;POERSCH, L.H.; BIANCHINI, A. 2004 Estudo preliminar do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis em cercados no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,30(1): 63í 70.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical analysis. 3.ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 662p.
National pour I’Explotation des Océans (CNEXO), Brest, France. 395p.
BARBIERI, E. 2010 Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad,
1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 306(1-4): 329-333.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V.; MELO, C.B.;HENRIQUES, M.B. 2014 Nitrite toxicity to Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels.Aquaculture Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1111/are.12583.
BENDSCHNEIDER, K. e ROBINSON, R.J. 1952 A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrite in sea water. Journal of Marine Research, 11: 87-96.
BROWNELL, C.L. 1980 Water quality requirements for first feeding in marine fish larvae: ammonia,
nitrite and nitrate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 44(2): 269-283.
CAMPOS, B.R.; MIRANDA-FILHO, K.; D’INCAO,F.; POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY, W. 2012 Toxicidade aguda da amônia, nitrito e nitrato sobre os juvenis de camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus
brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) (Crustacea:Decapoda). Atlí¢ntica, 34(1): 75-81.
CHEN, J.C. and CHEN, S.F. 1992 Effects of nitrite on growth and molting of Penaeus monodon
juveniles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C., 101(3): 453-458.
CHEN, J.C.; CHIN, C.K.; LEE, C.K. 1986 Effects of ammonia and nitrite on larval development of
the shrimp Penaeus monodon. The first Asian fisheries forum. Asian fishery Society. p.657-662.
COBO, M.L.; SONNENHOLZNER, S.; WILLE, M.; SORGELOOS, P. 2014. Ammonia tolerance of
Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 45(3): 470-475.
EMERENCIANO, M.; BALLESTER, E.L.C.;CAVALLI, R.O.; WASIELESKY, W. 2012 Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquaculture Research, 43(3): 447-457.
FRIAS-ESPERICUETA, M.G.; HARFUSH-MELENDEZ,M.; OSUNA-LSPEZ, J.I.; PAEZ-OSUNA, F. 1999
Acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 62(5): 646-652.
FROMM, P.O. and GILLETE, J.R. 1968 Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia and nitrogen
excretion of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 26(3):
887-896.
FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W.2011 Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, 321(1-2): 130-135.
GROSS, A. 2004 Acute and chronic effects of nitrite on white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in low-salinity brackish water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35(3): 315-321.
JENSEN, L.V. 2012 Produção e transporte do camarãorosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis para a pesca amadora. São Carlos, 133p. (Tese de Doutorado.Universidade Federal de São Carlos). Available at: <http://www.bdtd.ufscar.br/htdocs/tedeSimplificado//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5407>
KINNE, O. 1976 Cultivation of marine organisms:water quality management of technology. In:
KINNE, O. Marine Ecology. New York: Wiley interscience. Vol III, part 1. p.79-300.
KUHN, D.D.; BOARDMAN, G.D.; MARSH, L.;LAWRENCE, A.L.; FLICK, G.J. 2009 Technology and research advances for the production of marine shrimp in recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Shellfish Research, 28: 709p.
KUHN, D.D.; SMITH, S.A.; BOARDMAN, G.D.;ANGIER, M.W.; MARSH, L.F.J.; GEORGE, J. 2010 Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Impacts on survival, growth, antennae length, and pathology. Aquaculture, 309(1-4): 109-114.
LIN, Y.C. and CHEN, J.C. 2001 Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone
juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1):
109-119.
LIN, Y.C. and CHEN, J.C. 2003 Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles
at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 224(1-4): 193-201.
LOPES, D.A.; PEIXOTO, S.R.M.; WASIELESKY, W.;BALLESTER, E.L.C. 2009 Análise comparativa
da criação dos camarões-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e Farfantepenaeus paulensis criados em gaiolas em ambiente estuarino. Ciência Rural, 39(9): 1540-1546.
MAICÁ, P.F.; BORBA, M.R.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zerowater-exchange super-intensive system. Aquaculture Research, 43(7): 361-370.
MIRANDA-FILHO, K.C.; PINHO, G.L.L.; WASIELESKY, W.; BIANCHINI, A. 2009 Longterm ammonia toxicity to the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 150(3): 377-382.
MONTOYA, R.A.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; GRANT, W.E.;VELASO, M. 1999. Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and shrimp growth in an intensive shrimp culture system: effects of feed and feeding parameters. Ecological Modelling, 122(1-2):81í 95.
OSTRENSKY, A. and WASIELESKY, W. 1995 Acute toxicity of ammonia to various life stages of the
São Paulo shrimp Penaeus paulensis PérezFarfante, 1967. Aquaculture, 132(3-4): 339-347.
POERSCH, L.H.; SANTOS, M.H.S.; MIRANDA, K.F.; WASIELESKY, W. 2007 Efeito agudo do nitrato
sobre alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 33(2):
247-252.
RAND, G.M. and PETROCELLI, P.R. 1985 Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. 1º ed. Taylor & Francis, USA. 666p.
SOUZA, D.M.; SUITA, S.M.; ROMANO, L.A.; WASIELESKY, W.Jr.; BALLESTER, E.L.C. 2014 Use of molasses as a carbon source during the nursery rearing of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis
(Latreille, 1817) in a biofloc technology system.Aquaculture Research, 45(2): 270-277.
TAHON, J.P.; VAN HOOF, D.; VINCKIER, C.; WITTERS, R.; DE LEY, M.; LONHE, R. 1988 The reaction of nitrite with the haemocyanin of Astacus leptodactylus. Biochemical Journal, 249(3):233-242.
TSAI, S.J. e CHEN, J.C. 2002 Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 163-170.
TOMASSO, J.R. 1994 Toxicicity of nitrogenous Wastes to Aquaculture Animals. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 2(4): 291-314.
UNESCO. 1983 Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and Guides 12.Intergovernamental Oceanographic Commissiony.Paris, France. 53p.
VAN WYK, P. and SCARPA, J. 1999 Water quality requirements and management. In: VAN WYK,
P. Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Tallahassee: Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. p.128-138.
WAJSBROT, N.; GASITH, A.; DIAMANT, A.;POPPER, D.M. 1993 Chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and related histopatological effects. Journal of Fish Biology, 42(3): 321-328.
WASIELESKY, W.J. 2000 Cultivo de juvenis do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Decapoda,
Penaeidae) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos: efeitos dos parí¢metros ambientais. Rio Grande. 147p. (Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal de Rio Grande).
WASIELESKY, W.J.; MARCHIORI, M.A. (in memorian); SANTOS, M.H.S. 1994. Efeito da amônia no crescimento de pós-larvas do camarão rosa, Penaeus paulensis, Pérez-Farfante,1967 (Decapoda:Penaeidae). Nauplius, 2: 99-105.
WASIELESKY, W.; PEIXOTO, S.; JENSEN, L.;POERSCH, L.H.; BIANCHINI, A. 2004 Estudo preliminar do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis em cercados no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,30(1): 63í 70.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical analysis. 3.ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 662p.
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