Combined approach between better management practices and the mitigating stress management for fish culture
Keywords:
aquaculture, Better Management Practices, environmental safety, Mitigating Stress Management, productivity in aquaculture, stress in fishAbstract
The aquaculture in the world and in Brazil grows at an accelerating pace. Brazil currently occupies the 17th place in the world in production of fish, but the pace of growth decelerated in recent years. If we analyze the southern region, we see a trend of stagnation with drop in production. Both in the context of growth or stagnation and decline of production, improvement in the conditions of management are a real need. When the business activity grows, there is clearly a need for intensification of production leading to various problems such as greater quantities of sewage, outbreaks of disease and use of chemicals. These problems induce the creation and deployment of Better Management Practices (BMPs) that, if well planned, will lead to environmental safety and increase quality and quantity of production. Against a background of stagnant business activity, the deployment of adjustments and improvements in production systems through the adoption of BMPs can help in the recovery of activity. In both scenarios, the classical concept of BMPs with pure environmental focus may be associated with the concept of Mitigating Measures of Stress (MMEs). This combined approach leverages both the improvement of livestock performance and economic indices of activity regarding the environmental safety. In conclusion, the close relationship between the BPMs and MMEs promotes an environment preserved and suitable for aquatic life with low levels of stress and, consequently, high production.
References
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NUNES, A.J.P.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; OLIVEIRA, G.G.;LIMA, R.C.; MIRANDA, P.T.C.; MADRID, R.M. 2005 Princípios para Boas Práticas de Manejo na Engorda de Camarão Marinho do Estado do Ceará. Fortaleza: Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar/
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PANKHURST, N.W., VAN DER KRAAK, G.; PETER, R.E.1995 Evidence that the inhibitory effects of stress on reproduction in teleost fish are not mediated by the action of cortisol on ovarian steroidogenesis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Bathesda 99: 249-257.
PEDRAZZANI, A.S.; FERNANDES-DE-CASTILHO,M.; CARNEIRO, P.C.F.; MOLENTO , C. F. M. 2007 Bem-estar de peixes e a questão da senciência.Archives of Veterinary Science,Curitiba, 11(3):60-70.
PICKERING, A .D. 1993 Growth and stress in fish production. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 111: 51-63.
SCHRECK, C.B., CONTRERAS-SANCHEZ, W.;FITZPATRICK, M.S. 2001 Effects of stress on
fish reproduction, gamete quality and progeny.Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 197: 3-23.
SOSO, A.B.; Barcellos, L.J.G.; Ranzani-Paiva,M.J.; Kreutz, L.C.; Quevedo, R.M.; Lima, M.;
Silva, L.B.; Ritter, F.; Bedin, A.C.; Finco,J.A. 2008 The effects of stressful broodstock
handling on hormonal profiles and reproductive performance of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard)females. Journal of Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,39(6): 835-841.
VALENTI, W. C. 2002 Aquicultura sustentável. In:Congresso de Zootecnia, 12o, Vila Real, Portugal,2002, Vila Real: Associação Portuguesa dos Engenheiros Zootécnicos. Anais...p.111-118.
VOLPATO, G.L.; Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Fernandes-de-Castilho, M. 2007 Insight
into the concept of fish welfare. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Oldendorf, 75: 165-171.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, Bathesda, 77: 591-625.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED): Our Common Future
2001 Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm. acesso em 20 Set. 2008. Acesso em 20 Set. 2008.
BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; SOUZA, S.M.G.; WOLEHL, V.M. 2000 Estresse em peixes: Fisiologia da resposta ao estresse, causas e conseqüências. (Revisão). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 26(1): 99-111.
BARCELLOS, L.J.G., KREUTZ, L.C., QUEVEDO,R.M., FIOREZE, I., RODRIGUES, L.B., SOSO,
A.B., RITTER, F., CONRAD, J., CERICATO, L.,FAGUNDES, M., LACERDA, L.A., TERRA, S.
2004 Hematological changes in jundia (Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, Pimelodidae) provocked by usual aquaculture practices, with empahsis on immunossupressive effects. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 237(1-4): 229-236.
BARTON, B.A. 2002 Stress in Fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative Comparative Biology, Oxford, 42: 517í 525.
BARTON, B.A. and IWAMA, G.K. 1991 Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Reviews of Fish Diseases,Amsterdam, 10: 3 í 26.
BILLARD, R., BRY, C.; GILLET, C. 1981 Stress, environment and reproduction in teleost fish. In: Stress and Fish (Pickering, A. D., ed.), pp:185í 208.London: Academic Press.
BOYD, C.E. 1999 Codes of practice for responsible shrimp farming. St. Louis: Global Aquaculture Alliance USA. 42p.
BOYD, C. E.; QUEIROZ, J. F.; LEE, J. Y.; ROWAN, M.; WHITIS, G. N.; GROSS,A. 2000 Environmental assessment of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming in Alabama. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Auburn, 31(4): 511-544.
BOYD, C.E. and HULCHER, R.F. 2001 Best management practices for channel catfish farming in Alabama. Highlights of Agricultural Research, vol. 48.Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL, pp. 1 í 4. Fall.
BOYD, C.E. and QUEIROZ, J. 2001 Feasibility of retention structures, settling basins, and best management practices in effluent regulation for Alabama channel catfish farming. Reviews in Fisheries Science,Londres, 9: 43í 67.
BOYD, C. E. 2003 Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm-level. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 226: 101í 112.
BOYD, C. E.; QUEIROZ, J. F.; WHITIS, G. N.; HULCHER,R.; OAKES, P.;CARLISLE, J.; ODOM JUNIOR., D.; NELSON, M. M.; HEMSTREET, W. G. 2003 Best Management Practices for Channel Catfish Farming in Alabama. Alabama: Alabama Catfish Producers, p. 3-38. (Special Report nº1 for Alabama Catfish Producers).
BOYD, C.E.; LIM, C.; QUEIROZ, J.F.; SALIE, K.; WET, L.;McNEVIN, A. 2008 Best Management Practices for Responsible Aquaculture. Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, v. 1, p. 1-47.
BRAITHWAITE, V.A. and BOULCOTT, P. 2007 Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Oldendorf, 75: 131í 138.
CAMPBELL, P.M., POTTINGER, T.G.; SUMPTER,J.P. 1992 Stress reduces the quality of gametes produced by Rainbow trout. Biology of Reproduction 47: 1140-1150.
CAMPBELL, P.M., POTTINGER, T.G.; SUMPTER,J.P. 1994 Preliminary evidence that chronic confinement stress reduces the quality of gametes produced by brown and rainbow trout. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 120: 151í 169.
CARRAGHER, J.F. and SUMPTER, J.P. 1990 The effect of cortisol on the secretion of sex steroids from cultured ovarian follicles of Rainbow trout. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Bathesda,77: 403-407.
CHANDROO, K.P.; DUNCAN, I.J.H.; MOCCIA, R.D.2004 Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience,pain, fear and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Amsterdan, 86: 225í 250.
CLEARWATER, S.J. and PANKHURST, N.W. 1997 The response to capture and confinement stress of plasma cortisol, sex steroids and vitellogenic oocytes in the marine teleost, red gurnard (Chelidonichrhys kumu) (Triglidae). Journal of Fish
Biology, Londres, 50:429-441.
CLEARY, J.J., PANKHURST, N.W., BATTAGLENE,S.C. 2000 The effect of capture and handling stress on plasma steroid levels and gonadal condition in wild and farmed snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae). Journal of World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,31: 558-569.
CRAIG, S.T. and HARGREAVES, J.A. 2008 Environmental Best Management Practices for Aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell, San Francisco,592p.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO). 2006 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en. Acesso em 20 Set. 2008.
FIGUEIREDO, H.C.P.; LOPES,C.O.; LEAL,C.A.G. 2008 Sanidade Aquícola í Imunidade de Animais Aquáticos. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro,106:16-19.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS í IBAMA 2005 ESTATÍSTICA DA PESCA. Disponível em: http://200.198.202.145/seap/Dados_estatisticos/boletim2005a(tabela).pdf
í Acesso em 01 Nov. 2008.
LUTZ, G.C. 1993 Polyculture: principles, practices,problems, and promisses. Aquaculture Magazine, Arden, March/April.
MOYLE, P. B. and CECH, J.J. 1998 Fishes: An introduction to ichthyology. 2ed. Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall. 559p.
NUNES, A.J.P.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; OLIVEIRA, G.G.;LIMA, R.C.; MIRANDA, P.T.C.; MADRID, R.M. 2005 Princípios para Boas Práticas de Manejo na Engorda de Camarão Marinho do Estado do Ceará. Fortaleza: Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar/
UFC). 109p.
PANKHURST, N.W., VAN DER KRAAK, G.; PETER, R.E.1995 Evidence that the inhibitory effects of stress on reproduction in teleost fish are not mediated by the action of cortisol on ovarian steroidogenesis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Bathesda 99: 249-257.
PEDRAZZANI, A.S.; FERNANDES-DE-CASTILHO,M.; CARNEIRO, P.C.F.; MOLENTO , C. F. M. 2007 Bem-estar de peixes e a questão da senciência.Archives of Veterinary Science,Curitiba, 11(3):60-70.
PICKERING, A .D. 1993 Growth and stress in fish production. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 111: 51-63.
SCHRECK, C.B., CONTRERAS-SANCHEZ, W.;FITZPATRICK, M.S. 2001 Effects of stress on
fish reproduction, gamete quality and progeny.Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 197: 3-23.
SOSO, A.B.; Barcellos, L.J.G.; Ranzani-Paiva,M.J.; Kreutz, L.C.; Quevedo, R.M.; Lima, M.;
Silva, L.B.; Ritter, F.; Bedin, A.C.; Finco,J.A. 2008 The effects of stressful broodstock
handling on hormonal profiles and reproductive performance of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard)females. Journal of Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,39(6): 835-841.
VALENTI, W. C. 2002 Aquicultura sustentável. In:Congresso de Zootecnia, 12o, Vila Real, Portugal,2002, Vila Real: Associação Portuguesa dos Engenheiros Zootécnicos. Anais...p.111-118.
VOLPATO, G.L.; Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Fernandes-de-Castilho, M. 2007 Insight
into the concept of fish welfare. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Oldendorf, 75: 165-171.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, Bathesda, 77: 591-625.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED): Our Common Future
2001 Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm. acesso em 20 Set. 2008. Acesso em 20 Set. 2008.
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