Urastoma cyprinae, NO MEXILHÃO Perna perna CULTIVADO NO SUL DO BRASIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.312Palavras-chave:
parasitismo, Urastomidae, cultivo de mexilhíµes, mariculturaResumo
Urastoma cyprinae (Platyhelminthes: Urastomidae) foi coletado entre os filamentos branquiais do mexilhão cultivado Perna perna de três localidades do estado de Santa Catarina no sul do Brasil. Amostras de P. perna foram coletadas mensalmente de julho de 2010 a junho de 2011. O diagnóstico de U. cyprinae em P. perna mostrou-se mais eficiente por observações ao microscópio estereoscópico do que por histopatologia, onde menor prevalência e taxa de infestação foram registradas. A temperatura do mar e a salinidade durante o período de pesquisa não afetaram a prevalência de U. cyprinae em P. perna. A análise no microscópio estereoscópico apresentou maior prevalência (54,2%) de U. cyprinae nos mexilhões da localidade do norte estudada (Penha - 26º46’S). Além disso, os mexilhões da localidade do sul (Palhoça - 27º45’S) apresentaram a maior taxa de infestação (7,4). Apesar de apresentar alta prevalência e taxa de infestação durante o período de estudo, não há evidências de que este turbelário esteja causando danos histopatológicos ao hospedeiro. Mesmo sendo tratado como um parasita de moluscos bivalves, neste estudo observou-se que a relação entre U. cyprinae e P. perna não é de parasitismo sensu stricto.
Referências
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BELL, T.A.; LIGHTNER, D.V. 1988 A handbook of normal penaeid shrimp histology. Baton Rouge: World Aquaculture Society. 114p.
BHABY, S.; BELHSEN, O.K.; ERRHIF, A.; TOJON, N. 2013 Seasonal dynamics of parasites on mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and ecological determinants of the infections in southern alboran area, Morocco. International Journal of Parasitology Research, 5(1): 116-
121. http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0975-3702.5.1.116-121.
BOWER, S.M.; MCGLADDERY, S.E.; PRICE, I.M. 1994 Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 4(1): 1-199. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0.
BRUN, N.T.; BOGHEN, A.D.; ALLARD, J. 1999 Distribution of the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae on the gills of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Journal of Shellfish Research, 18(1): 175-179.
BRUSA, F.; PONCE DE LEÓN, R.; DAMBORENEA, C. 2006 A new Paravortex (Platyhelminthes, Dalyellioida) endoparasite of Mesodesma mactroides (Bivalvia, Mesodesmatidae) from Uruguay. Parasitology Research, 99(5): 566-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-
0193-0. PMid:16670884.
BRUSA, F.; VÁZQUEZ, N.; CREMONTE, F. 2011 Paravortex panopea n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) on clams from the northern Patagonian coast, Argentina: pathogeny and specificity. Helminthologia, 48(2):94-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0016-4.
BUSH, A.O.; LAFFERTY, A.D.; LOTZ, J.M.; SHOSTAK, A.W. 1997 Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al.revisited. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(4): 575-583. http://dx.doi.
org/10.2307/3284227. PMid:9267395.
CÁCERES-MARTÍNEZ, J.; VASQUEZ-YEOMANS, R.; SLUYS, R. 1998 The turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae from edible mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus californianus in Baja California, NW Mexico. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72(3): 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4754. PMid:9784343.
CANESTRI TROTTI, G.; BACCARANI, E.M.; GIANNETTO, S.; GIUFFRIDA, A.; PAESANTI, F. 1998 Prevalence of Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda: Mytilicolidae) and Urastoma cyprinae (Turbellaria: Hypotrichinidae)in marketable mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Italy. Diseases
of Aquatic Organisms, 32(2): 145-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao032145. PMid:9676254.
CANNON, L.R.G.; LESTER, R.J.G. 1988 Two turbellarians parasitic in fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 5(2): 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao005015.
CARNEIRO-SCHAEFER, A.L.; SíÅ“HNEL, S.; MELO, C.M.R.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M. 2017 Estudo patológico em mexilhões cultivados em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 43(1): 124-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n1p124.
CRESPO GONZÁLEZ, C.; REZA ÁLVAREZ, R.M.; RODRÍGUEZ DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; SOTO BíÅ¡A, M.; IGLESIAS, R.; ARIAS FERNÁNDEZ, C.; GARCÍA ESTÉVEZ, J.M. 2005 In vitro reproduction of the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae isolated from Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Biology, 147(3): 755-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-1622-9.
CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ, C.; RODRÍGUEZ-DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; SEGADE, P.; IGLESIAS, R.; ARIAS, C.; GARCÍA-ESTÉVEZ, J.M. 2010 Seasonaldynamic and microhabitat distribution of Urastoma cyprinae in Mytilusgalloprovincialis: implications for its life cycle. Journal of Shellfish Research, 29(1): 187-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.029.0113.
DAWES, C.J. 1971 Biological techniques in electron microscopy. New York:
Barnes & Noble. 193p.
DYKSTRA, M.J. 1993 A manual of applied techniques for biological electron microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. 258p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0010-6
FLEMING, L.C.; BURT, M.D.B.; BACON, G.B. 1981 On some commensal Turbellaria of the Canadian east coast. Hydrobiologia, 84(1): 131-137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026171.
HAYAT, M.A. 1972 Basic electron microscopy techniques. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 119p.
HOWARD, D.W.; LEWIS, E.J.; KELLER, B.J.; SMITH, C.S. 2004 Histological techniques for marine bivalve mollusks and crustaceans. Oxford: Oxford Lab. National Marine Fisheries Service. 218p. (NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS5).
HOWARD, D.W.; SMITH, C.S. 1983 Histological techniques for marine bivalve mollusks. Woods Hole Massachusetts: Oxford Lab. National Marine Fisheries Service. 97p. (NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-25).
JENNINGS, J.B. 1971 Parasitism and commensalism in the Turbellaria. Advances in Parasitology, 9(1): 1-32.
KARAGIANNIS (Î". ÎÅ¡Î"˜Î¡Î"˜Î"Îâ„¢Î"˜ÎÂÎÂÎ"”Σ), D.; VATSOS (Îâ„¢.ÎÂ. Î"™Î"˜Î¤Î£ÎŸΣ), I.N.; THEODORIDIS (Î"˜. ÎËœÎ-ΟÎ"ΩΡÎâ„¢Î"Î"”Σ), A.; ANGELIDIS (Π.Î"˜Î"Î"Î-Î"ºÎâ„¢Î"Î"”Σ), P. 2013 Effect of culture system on the prevalence of parasites of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark, 1819). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society,64(2): 113-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15484.
LINTON, E. 1910 On a new rhabdocoele commensal with Modiolus plicatulus. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 9(2): 371-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400090208.
MARCUS, E. 1951 Turbellaria brasileiros. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia,Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, 16(9): 5-215.
MURINA, G.V.; SOLONCHENKO, A.I. 1991 Commensals of Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Black Sea: Urastoma cyprinae (Turbellaria) and Polydora clhata (Polychaeta). Hydrobiologia, 227(1): 385-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027627.
NOREí"˜A, C.; DAMBORENEA, C.; BRUSA, F. 2015 Phylum Platyhelminthes. In: THORP, J.; ROGERS, D.C. Ecology and general biology: thorp and covich’s freshwater invertebrates. Cambridge: Academic Press. p. 181-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00010-3.
PAULETE-VANRELL, J. 1967 Guia de técnica microscópica. São Leopoldo:Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de São Leopoldo.
RAYYAN, A.; PHOTIS, G.; CHINTIROGLOU, C.C. 2004 Metazoan parasite species in cultured mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Thermaikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea, Greece). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,58(1): 55-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao058055. PMid:15038452.
ROBLEDO, J.A.F.; CACERES-MARTINEZ, J.; SLUYS, R.; FIGUERAS, A. 1994a The parasitic turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae (Platyhelminthes: Urastomidae) from blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in Spain:occurrence and pathology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 18(1):203-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao018203.
ROBLEDO, J.A.F.; SANTARÉM, M.M.; FIGUERAS, A. 1994b Parasites loads of rafted blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Spain with special reference to the copepod, Mytilicola intestinalis.
Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 127(4): 287-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90232-1.
ROHDE, K. 2001. Encyclopedia of life sciences: platyhelminthes. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001585.
ROMEIS, B. 1968 Mikroskopische Technik. 16., neubearbeitete u. verbesserte Auflage. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München. XVI, 757 Seiten, 21 Abbildungen, 16 Tabellen, 2 Anhí¤nge. Gr.-8, Leinen DM 98. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 121(1): 78-79.
SABRY, R.C.; SILVA, P.M.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; PONTINHA, V.A.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M. 2011 Pathological study of oysters Crassostrea gigas from culture and C. rhizophorae from natural stock of Santa
Catarina Island, SC, Brazil. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands),320(1-2): 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.08.006.
SANTOS, A.M.T.; COIMBRA, J. 1995 Growth and production of raft-cultured Mytilus edulis L., in Ria de Aveiro: gonad symbiotic infestation. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 132(3-4): 195-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00352-O.
SILVA, P.M.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M.; BARRACCO, M.A. 2012 Pathologies in commercial bivalve species from Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,92(3): 571-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001007.
SUÁREZ-MORALES, E.; SCARDUA, M.P.; SILVA, P.M. 2010 Occurrence and histo-pathological effects of Monstrilla sp. (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) and other parasites in the brown mussel Perna perna from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,90(5): 953-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409991391.
VILLALBA, A.; MOURELLE, S.G.; CARBALLAL, M.J.; LÓPEZ, C. 1997 Symbionts and diseases of farmed mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis throughout the culture process in the Rias of Galicia (NW Spain). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 31(2): 127-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao031127.
WESTBLAD, E. 1955 Marine ‘Alloeocoels’ (Turbellaria) from North Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. I. Arkiv fí¶r Zoologi, 7(24): 491-526. WESTFALL, P.H.; TOBIAS, R.; ROM, D.; WOLFINGER, R.; HOCHBERG, Y. 1999 Multiple comparisons and multiple tests using SAS. 2nd ed. Cary: SAS Institute Inc. 397p.
ZEIDAN, G.C.; LUZ, M.S.A.; BOEHS, G. 2012 Parasites of economically important bivalves from the southern coast of Bahia State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21(4): 391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000400009. PMid:23295820
BELL, T.A.; LIGHTNER, D.V. 1988 A handbook of normal penaeid shrimp histology. Baton Rouge: World Aquaculture Society. 114p.
BHABY, S.; BELHSEN, O.K.; ERRHIF, A.; TOJON, N. 2013 Seasonal dynamics of parasites on mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and ecological determinants of the infections in southern alboran area, Morocco. International Journal of Parasitology Research, 5(1): 116-
121. http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0975-3702.5.1.116-121.
BOWER, S.M.; MCGLADDERY, S.E.; PRICE, I.M. 1994 Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 4(1): 1-199. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0.
BRUN, N.T.; BOGHEN, A.D.; ALLARD, J. 1999 Distribution of the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae on the gills of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Journal of Shellfish Research, 18(1): 175-179.
BRUSA, F.; PONCE DE LEÓN, R.; DAMBORENEA, C. 2006 A new Paravortex (Platyhelminthes, Dalyellioida) endoparasite of Mesodesma mactroides (Bivalvia, Mesodesmatidae) from Uruguay. Parasitology Research, 99(5): 566-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-
0193-0. PMid:16670884.
BRUSA, F.; VÁZQUEZ, N.; CREMONTE, F. 2011 Paravortex panopea n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) on clams from the northern Patagonian coast, Argentina: pathogeny and specificity. Helminthologia, 48(2):94-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0016-4.
BUSH, A.O.; LAFFERTY, A.D.; LOTZ, J.M.; SHOSTAK, A.W. 1997 Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al.revisited. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(4): 575-583. http://dx.doi.
org/10.2307/3284227. PMid:9267395.
CÁCERES-MARTÍNEZ, J.; VASQUEZ-YEOMANS, R.; SLUYS, R. 1998 The turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae from edible mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus californianus in Baja California, NW Mexico. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72(3): 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4754. PMid:9784343.
CANESTRI TROTTI, G.; BACCARANI, E.M.; GIANNETTO, S.; GIUFFRIDA, A.; PAESANTI, F. 1998 Prevalence of Mytilicola intestinalis (Copepoda: Mytilicolidae) and Urastoma cyprinae (Turbellaria: Hypotrichinidae)in marketable mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Italy. Diseases
of Aquatic Organisms, 32(2): 145-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao032145. PMid:9676254.
CANNON, L.R.G.; LESTER, R.J.G. 1988 Two turbellarians parasitic in fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 5(2): 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao005015.
CARNEIRO-SCHAEFER, A.L.; SíÅ“HNEL, S.; MELO, C.M.R.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M. 2017 Estudo patológico em mexilhões cultivados em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 43(1): 124-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n1p124.
CRESPO GONZÁLEZ, C.; REZA ÁLVAREZ, R.M.; RODRÍGUEZ DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; SOTO BíÅ¡A, M.; IGLESIAS, R.; ARIAS FERNÁNDEZ, C.; GARCÍA ESTÉVEZ, J.M. 2005 In vitro reproduction of the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae isolated from Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Biology, 147(3): 755-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-1622-9.
CRESPO-GONZÁLEZ, C.; RODRÍGUEZ-DOMÍNGUEZ, H.; SEGADE, P.; IGLESIAS, R.; ARIAS, C.; GARCÍA-ESTÉVEZ, J.M. 2010 Seasonaldynamic and microhabitat distribution of Urastoma cyprinae in Mytilusgalloprovincialis: implications for its life cycle. Journal of Shellfish Research, 29(1): 187-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.029.0113.
DAWES, C.J. 1971 Biological techniques in electron microscopy. New York:
Barnes & Noble. 193p.
DYKSTRA, M.J. 1993 A manual of applied techniques for biological electron microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. 258p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0010-6
FLEMING, L.C.; BURT, M.D.B.; BACON, G.B. 1981 On some commensal Turbellaria of the Canadian east coast. Hydrobiologia, 84(1): 131-137.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026171.
HAYAT, M.A. 1972 Basic electron microscopy techniques. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 119p.
HOWARD, D.W.; LEWIS, E.J.; KELLER, B.J.; SMITH, C.S. 2004 Histological techniques for marine bivalve mollusks and crustaceans. Oxford: Oxford Lab. National Marine Fisheries Service. 218p. (NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS5).
HOWARD, D.W.; SMITH, C.S. 1983 Histological techniques for marine bivalve mollusks. Woods Hole Massachusetts: Oxford Lab. National Marine Fisheries Service. 97p. (NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-25).
JENNINGS, J.B. 1971 Parasitism and commensalism in the Turbellaria. Advances in Parasitology, 9(1): 1-32.
KARAGIANNIS (Î". ÎÅ¡Î"˜Î¡Î"˜Î"Îâ„¢Î"˜ÎÂÎÂÎ"”Σ), D.; VATSOS (Îâ„¢.ÎÂ. Î"™Î"˜Î¤Î£ÎŸΣ), I.N.; THEODORIDIS (Î"˜. ÎËœÎ-ΟÎ"ΩΡÎâ„¢Î"Î"”Σ), A.; ANGELIDIS (Π.Î"˜Î"Î"Î-Î"ºÎâ„¢Î"Î"”Σ), P. 2013 Effect of culture system on the prevalence of parasites of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark, 1819). Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society,64(2): 113-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15484.
LINTON, E. 1910 On a new rhabdocoele commensal with Modiolus plicatulus. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 9(2): 371-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400090208.
MARCUS, E. 1951 Turbellaria brasileiros. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia,Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, 16(9): 5-215.
MURINA, G.V.; SOLONCHENKO, A.I. 1991 Commensals of Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Black Sea: Urastoma cyprinae (Turbellaria) and Polydora clhata (Polychaeta). Hydrobiologia, 227(1): 385-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027627.
NOREí"˜A, C.; DAMBORENEA, C.; BRUSA, F. 2015 Phylum Platyhelminthes. In: THORP, J.; ROGERS, D.C. Ecology and general biology: thorp and covich’s freshwater invertebrates. Cambridge: Academic Press. p. 181-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00010-3.
PAULETE-VANRELL, J. 1967 Guia de técnica microscópica. São Leopoldo:Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de São Leopoldo.
RAYYAN, A.; PHOTIS, G.; CHINTIROGLOU, C.C. 2004 Metazoan parasite species in cultured mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Thermaikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea, Greece). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,58(1): 55-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao058055. PMid:15038452.
ROBLEDO, J.A.F.; CACERES-MARTINEZ, J.; SLUYS, R.; FIGUERAS, A. 1994a The parasitic turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae (Platyhelminthes: Urastomidae) from blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in Spain:occurrence and pathology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 18(1):203-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao018203.
ROBLEDO, J.A.F.; SANTARÉM, M.M.; FIGUERAS, A. 1994b Parasites loads of rafted blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Spain with special reference to the copepod, Mytilicola intestinalis.
Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 127(4): 287-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90232-1.
ROHDE, K. 2001. Encyclopedia of life sciences: platyhelminthes. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001585.
ROMEIS, B. 1968 Mikroskopische Technik. 16., neubearbeitete u. verbesserte Auflage. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München. XVI, 757 Seiten, 21 Abbildungen, 16 Tabellen, 2 Anhí¤nge. Gr.-8, Leinen DM 98. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 121(1): 78-79.
SABRY, R.C.; SILVA, P.M.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; PONTINHA, V.A.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M. 2011 Pathological study of oysters Crassostrea gigas from culture and C. rhizophorae from natural stock of Santa
Catarina Island, SC, Brazil. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands),320(1-2): 43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.08.006.
SANTOS, A.M.T.; COIMBRA, J. 1995 Growth and production of raft-cultured Mytilus edulis L., in Ria de Aveiro: gonad symbiotic infestation. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 132(3-4): 195-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00352-O.
SILVA, P.M.; MAGALHíES, A.R.M.; BARRACCO, M.A. 2012 Pathologies in commercial bivalve species from Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,92(3): 571-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001007.
SUÁREZ-MORALES, E.; SCARDUA, M.P.; SILVA, P.M. 2010 Occurrence and histo-pathological effects of Monstrilla sp. (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) and other parasites in the brown mussel Perna perna from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,90(5): 953-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409991391.
VILLALBA, A.; MOURELLE, S.G.; CARBALLAL, M.J.; LÓPEZ, C. 1997 Symbionts and diseases of farmed mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis throughout the culture process in the Rias of Galicia (NW Spain). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 31(2): 127-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao031127.
WESTBLAD, E. 1955 Marine ‘Alloeocoels’ (Turbellaria) from North Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. I. Arkiv fí¶r Zoologi, 7(24): 491-526. WESTFALL, P.H.; TOBIAS, R.; ROM, D.; WOLFINGER, R.; HOCHBERG, Y. 1999 Multiple comparisons and multiple tests using SAS. 2nd ed. Cary: SAS Institute Inc. 397p.
ZEIDAN, G.C.; LUZ, M.S.A.; BOEHS, G. 2012 Parasites of economically important bivalves from the southern coast of Bahia State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21(4): 391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000400009. PMid:23295820
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2018-12-21
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