Excreção de nitrogênio e fósforo em pisciculturas
Palavras-chave:
excreção, qualidade da água, amônia, poluiçãoResumo
A preocupação com a quantidade de resíduos gerados a partir da criação de peixes é um fator decisivo na sustentabilidade da piscicultura para os próximos anos. Com a grande intensificação dos sistemas de criação de peixes, a carga de resíduos lançados í água de cultivo aumentou significativamente. Os compostos nitrogenados e fosforados são os principais produtos de excreção dos peixes, e ambos podem afetar não só a água de cultivo como o ambiente como um todo. A produção de resíduos metabólicos de N e P pelos peixes é determinada por diversos fatores endógenos e exógenos como genética, idade, tamanho, ambiente de criação e dieta. Em relação ao N, a excreção na forma de amônia é predominante, e quando em altos níveis pode ser devida a uma alta ingestão proteica ou a dietas inadequadamente formuladas, as quais causam desequilíbrio na síntese proteica. A excreção de P, usualmente 69-86% P da dieta, está associada í s fontes utilizadas, as quais são aproveitadas de forma distinta nas diferentes espécies. O uso de fitase nos alimentos para peixes é uma boa alternativa para a redução da excreção do P. A padronização da formulação de dietas e a mensuração de taxas reais de excreção de N e P nos diversos sistemas de criação (principalmente os intensivos) deverão ser mais bem estudados, uma vez que ao menos uma diminuição de 2 a 3 vezes da taxa de excreção desses poluentes nas pisciculturas pode ser alcançada.
Referências
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Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 161:55-65.
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BRUNTY, J.I; BUCKLIN, R.A; DAVIS, J.; BAIRD, C.D.; NORDSTEDT, R.A. 1997 The influence of feed protein intake on tilapia ammonia production.Aquaculture Engineering, 16:161-166.
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DOSDAT, A.; SERVAIS, F.; MÉTAILLER, R.; HUELVAN,C.; DESBRUYÉRES, E. 1996 Comparison of nitrogenous losses in five teleost fish species.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 141:107-127.
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LE DELLIOU, H.; HUELVAN, C.; DESBRUYERES,E.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2003 Excess dietary arginine affects urea excretion but does not improve N utilization in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and turbot Psetta maxima. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,217:559-576.
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AZEVEDO, P.A.; CHO, C.Y.; BUREAU, D.P. 1998 Effects of feeding level and water temperature on growth, nutrient and energy utilization and waste outputs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Aquatic Living Resources, Paris, 11(4):227-238.
BAKER, R.T.; SMITH-LEMMON, L.L.; COUSINS, B. 2001 Phytase unlocks plant potential in aquafeeds. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 4(2).
BALLESTRAZZI, R.; LANARI, D.; D’AGARO, E.;MION, A. 1994 The effect of dietary protein level and source on growth, body composition,total ammonia and reactive phosphate excretion of growing sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.).Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 127:197-206.
BALLESTRAZZI, R.; LANARI, D.; D’AGARO, E. 1998 Performance, nutrient retention efficiency, total ammonia and reactive phosphorus excretion of growing European sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) as affected by diet processing and feeding level.
Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 161:55-65.
BEGUM, N.N.; CHAKRABORTY, S.C.; ZAHER, M.1994 Replacement of fish meal by low-cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredient for Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Science Food Agriculture, London, 64:191-197.
BOYD, C.E. 1985 Chemical budgets for channel catfish ponds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,114:291-298.
BRUNTY, J.I; BUCKLIN, R.A; DAVIS, J.; BAIRD, C.D.; NORDSTEDT, R.A. 1997 The influence of feed protein intake on tilapia ammonia production.Aquaculture Engineering, 16:161-166.
BUREAU, D.P.; CHO, C.Y. 1999 Phosphorus utilization by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss):estimation of dissolved phosphorus waste output.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 179:127-140.
BUYUKATES, Y.; RAWLES, S.D.; GATLIN III, D.M.2000 Phosphorus fractions of various feedstuffs and apparent phosphorus availability to channel catfish. North American Journal Aquaculture, 62:184-188.
CARTER, C.G.; BRAFIELD, A.E. 1992 The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): the influence of body weight, ration and dietary
composition on nitrogenous excretion. Journal of Fish Biology, Leicester, 41:533-543.
CHENG, Z.J.; HARDY, R.W.; USRY, J.L. 2003 Plant protein ingredients with lysine supplementation reduce dietary protein level in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets, and reduce ammonia nitrogen and soluble phosphorus excretion.
Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 218:553-565.
CHO, C.Y. 1993 Digestibility of feedstuffs as a major factor in aquaculture waste management. In: KAUSHIK, S.J., LUQUET, P. (Eds.), Fish nutrition in practice. Les Colloques n.61, INRA ed., Versailles Cedex, France, 365-374.
CHO, C.Y.; BUREAU, D.P. 1997 Reduction of waste output from salmonid aquaculture through feeds and feeding. Progressive Fish Culturist, 59:155-160.
CHO, C.Y.; BUREAU, D.P. 2001 A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture.Aquaculture International, Amsterdam, 32:349-360.
CHO, C.Y.; HYNES, J.D.; WOOD, K.R.; YOSHIDA,H.K. 1991 Quantification of fish culture wastes by biological (nutritional) and chemical (limnological) methods; the development of high nutrient dense (HND) diets. In: Nutritional Strategies and
Aquaculture Waste (ed. by C.B. Cowey & Cho, C.Y.), pp. 37-50.
CHO, C.Y.; HYNES, J.D.; WOOD, K.R.; YOSHIDA,H.K. 1994 Development of high-nutrient-dense, low-pollution diets and prediction of aquaculture waste using biological approaches. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 124, 293-305.
DOSDAT, A.; RUYET, J.P.; COVíˆS, D.; DUTTO, G.; GASSET, E.; LE ROUX, A.; LEMARIÉ, G. 2003 Effect of chronic exposure to ammonia on growth,food utilization and metabolism of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquatic Living Resources, Paris, 16:509-520.
DOSDAT, A.; SERVAIS, F.; MÉTAILLER, R.; HUELVAN,C.; DESBRUYÉRES, E. 1996 Comparison of nitrogenous losses in five teleost fish species.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 141:107-127.
ENGIN, K.; CARTER, C.G. 2001 Ammonia and urea excretion rates of juvenile Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis) as influenced by dietary protein level. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,194:123-136.
FOLKE, C.; KAUTSKY, N. 1989 The role of ecosystems for a sustainable development of aquaculture.Ambio, 18:234í 243.
FORSBERG, O.I. 1996 Ammonia excretion rates from post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in landbased farms. Aquaculture Research, Amsterdam,27:937-944.
FOURNIER, V.; GOUILLOU-COUSTANS, M.F.;MÉTAILLER, R.; VACHOT, C.; GUEDES, M.J.;
TULLI, F.; OLIVA-TELES, A.; TIBALDI, E. KAUSHIK, S.J. 2002 Protein and arginine
requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts. British Journal of Nutrition, London,87:459-469.
FOURNIER, V.; GOUILLOU-COUSTANS, M.F.;MÉTAILLER, R.; VACHOT, C.; MORICEAU, J.;
LE DELLIOU, H.; HUELVAN, C.; DESBRUYERES,E.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2003 Excess dietary arginine affects urea excretion but does not improve N utilization in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and turbot Psetta maxima. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,217:559-576.
FOY, R.H.; ROSELL, R. 1991a Loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus from a Northern Ireland fish farm.Aquaculture, 96:17í 30.
FOY, R.H.; ROSELL, R. 1991b Fractionation of phosphorus and nitrogen loadings from a Northern Ireland fish farm. Aquaculture, 96:31í 42.
GÉLINEAU, A.; MÉDALE, F.; BOUJARD, T. 1998 Effect of feeding time on postprandial nitrogen excretion and energy expenditure in rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology, Leicester, 52:655-664.
GOWEN, R.J.; BRADBURY, N.B. 1987 The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: a review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annual Reviews,25:563í 575.
GREEN, B.W.; BOYD, C.E. 1995 Chemical budgets for organically-fertilized fish ponds in the ry tropics. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,26:284-296.
GREEN, J.A.; BRANNON, E.L.; HARDY, R. 2002 Effects of dietary phosphorus and lipid levels on utilization and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).2. Production-scale study. Aquaculture Nutrition,8:291-298
GROSS, A.; BOYD, C.; WOOD, C.W. 2000 Nitrogen transformations and balance in channel catfish ponds. Aquacultural Engineering, 24:1-14.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 1998 Nitrogen biogeochemistry of aquaculture ponds. (Review). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 166:181-212.
HASAN, M.R. 2001 Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium. In: Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium,Bangkok, Thailand, 193-219.
ISMIí"˜O-ORBE, R.A.; ARAíÅ¡JO-LIMA, C.A.R.M.;GOMES, L.C. 2003 Excreção de amônia por tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) de acordo com variações na temperatura da água e massa do peixe. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília,38(10):1243-1247.
JACKSON, L.; LI, M.; ROBINSON, E. 1996 Use of microbial phytase in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus diets to improve utilization of phytase phosphorus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,27:309-313.
JAHAN, P.; WATANABE, T.; SATOH, S.H.; KIRON,I. 2000 Effect of dietary fish meal levels on environmental phosphorus loading from carp culture. Fisheries Science, Tokyo, 66:204-210.
JAHAN, P.; WATANABE, T.; SATOH, S.H.; KIRON, I.2002 Different combinations of protein ingredients in carp diets for reducing phosphorus loading. Fisheries Science, Tokyo, 68:595-602.
JAHAN, P.; WATANABE, T.; KIRON, I.; SATOH,S.H. 2003a Improved carp diets based on plant protein sources reduce environmental phosphorus loading. Fisheries Science, Tokyo, 69:219-225.
JAHAN, P.; WATANABE, T.; KIRON, I.; SATOH, S.H.2003b Balancing protein ingredients in carp feeds to limit discharge of phosphorus and nitrogen into water bodies. Fisheries Science, Tokyo, 69:226-233.
JOBLING, M. 1995 Environmental biology of fishes.Chapman and Hall, New York, 455p.
JOHNSEN, F.; HILLESTAD, M.; AUSTRENG, E. 1993 High energy diets for Atlantic salmon. Effects on pollution. In: KAUSHIK, S.J., LUQUET, P. (Eds.),Fish nutrition in practice. Les Colloques n.61, INRA ed., Versailles Cedex, France, 391-402.
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2018-11-04
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