Influence of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of the pearl oyster larvae Pteria hirundo
Keywords:
hatchery, Pteriidae, abiotic factorsAbstract
The most important factors affecting growth rates and survival of bivalve larvae are temperature and salinity. A species of pearl oyster, Pteria hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758), presents good potential for cultivation in southern Brazil. The aim was to evaluate different combinations of temperature (23, 26 and 29°C) and salinity (25, 30 and 35 psu) on survival and growth to optimize the production of larvae of this species in the laboratory, in order to implement the seed production. The experimental design was factorial randomized design with three replications. A total of 25,000 larvae per experimental unit (E.U.) has been placed in rectangular containers of polypropylene (10 L) with 5 L of water salinity in each study. They were kept in tanks with 250 L of water provided with heater and thermostat, regulated according to the experimental temperatures in a water bath system. In the lowest temperature tested (23°C), the survival was higher and growth of larvae was lower when compared to the higher temperatures used. This fact demonstrates that the lower temperature favors larval survival. This lower temperature combined with higher salinity (35 ups) gave the highest percentage with 31.2% survival. The larvae grew better at higher temperatures (26 and 29°C) and the salinity did not show statistical differences when independently tested. The best larval performance (growth x survival) occurred in the interaction of the lowest temperature (23°C) with higher salinity (35 psu) (P<0.05) and so, this combination is recommended for the larviculture of P. hirundo.
References
ALAGARSWAMI, K.; DHARMARAJ, S.;VELAYUDHAN, T.S.; CHELLAM, A. 1987
Hatchery tecnology for pearl oyster production.In: ALAGARSWAMI, K. Pearl culture. Coccin,India: Bulletin Central Marine Freshwater Research Institute, p.62-71.
ALAGARSWAMI, K.; DHARMARAJ, S.; CHELLAM, A.; VELAYUDHAN, T.S. 1989 Larval and
juvenile rearing of black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 76: 43-56.
ANIL, A.C.; CHIBA, K.; OKAMOTO, K;KUROKURA, H. 1995 Influence of temperature
and salinity on larval development of Balanus amphitrite: implications in fouling ecology.Marine Ecology Progress Series, Oldendorf, 118:159-166.
ANIL, A.C.; DESAI, D.; KHANDEPARKER, L. 2001 Larval development and metamorphosis in Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia; Thoracica): significance of food concentration, temperature and nucleic acids. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,Maryland Heights, 263: 125-141.
BEGON, M.; HARPER, J.; TOWNSEND, C. 2007 Ecologia: de Indivíduos a Ecossistemas. 4ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed Editora S/A. 740 p.
BURTON, R.F. 1983 Ionic regulation and water balance. In: SALEUDDIN, A.S.M. The MolluscaPhisiology. Part 2. New York: Academic Press.p.291-352.
CARTAGENA, B.F.C. 2008 Estrutura e distribuição espaço temporal da assembléia de peixes na região do Saco dos limões, Baía Sul, Florianópolis SC. Itajaí. 92p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí). Disponível em:http://siaibib01.univali.br/pdf/Beatriz%20Fernanda%20Chinchilla%20Cartagena.pdf Acesso em: 06 dez. 2011.
CHENG, W.; YEH S.H.; WANG C. S.; CHEN, J.C.2002 Osmotic and ionic changes in Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 203: 349-357.
DEATON, L. 2008 Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Molluscs. In: EVANS, D.H. Osmotic and ionic regulation: cells and animals. London:CRC Press.p.107-133.
DESAI, D. e ANIL, A.C. 2004 The impact of food type, temperature and starvation on larval development of Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: Thoracica). Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Maryland Heights,306: 113-137.
DESAI, D.; ANIL, A.C.; VENKAT, K. 2006 Reproduction in Balanus amphitrite Darwin
(Cirripedia: Thoracica): influence of temperature and food concentration. Marine Biology, Kiel, 149: 1431-1441.
DOROUDI, M.S. e SOUTHGATE, P.C. 2003 Embrionic and larval development of Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758). Molluscan Research, Sydney, 23: 101-107.
DOROUDI, M.S.; SOUTHGATE, P.C.; MAYER, J.1999 The combined effects of salinity and temperature on embryos and larvae of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 30: 271-277.
DRENT, J. 2002 Temperature responses in larvae of Macoma balthica from a northerly and southerly population of the European distribution range. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Maryland Heights, 275: 117-129.
FREIRE, C.A.; CAVASSIN, F.; RODRIGUES, E.N.; TORRES, A.H.; MCNAMARA, J.C. 2003
Adaptative patterns of osmotic and ionic regulation, and the invasion of fresh water by the palaemonid shrimps. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, New York, 136A: 771í 778.
FREIRE, C.A.; AMADO, E.M.; SOUZA L.R.; VEIGA,M.P.T.; VITULE, J.R.S.; SOUZA, M.M.;
PRODOCIMO, V. 2008 Muscle water control in crustaceans and fishes as a function of habitat,osmoregulatory capacity, and degree of euryhalinity. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, New York, 149A: 435í 446.
FUNAKOSHI, S.; SUZAKI, T.; WADA, K. 1985 Salinity tolerances of marine bivalves. In:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH US JAPAN MEETING ON AQUACULTURE, 13., Mie, Japan, 24-25/oct./1984. Anais… p.15-18.
HELM, M.M.; BOURNE, N.; LOVATELLI, A. 2004 Hatchery culture of bivalves. A practical manual. 1a ed. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 471.177p.
HYND, J.S. 1955 A revision of the Australian pearlshells, genus Pinctada (Lamellibranchia).Australian Journal Marine and Freshwater Research,Sydney, 6: 98-137.
KAKAZU, K. 1988 Aquaculture of molluscs-black-lip pearl oysters. In: SHOKITA, S. Aquaculture in Tropical Areas. Tokyo: Midori Shobo. p.228-234.
KINNE, O. 1970 Marine Ecology, A comprehensive,Integrated Treatise on life in Oceans and Coastal Waters: Part 1 Enviromental Factors. New York:Wiley Interscience. 681p.
LOOSANOFF, V.L. e DAVIS, H.C. 1963 Rearing of bivalve molluscs. Advances in Marine Biology,Plymouth, 1: 1í 136.
LOUGH, R.G. 1975 A revaluation of the combined effects of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of bivalve larvae using response surface techniques. Fishery Bulletin, Seattle, 73:86-94.
LUCAS, J.S. 2008 Enviromental Influences. In:SOUTHGATE P.C. e LUCAS J.S. The Pearl
Oyster. Oxford: Elsevier. p.187-228.
MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, E.; ACOSTA-SALMON,H.; RANGEL-DAVALOS, C.; OLIVERA, A.;
RUIZ-RUBIO, H.; ROMO-PINEIRA, A.K. 2003 Spawning and larval culture of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica in the laboratory. World Aquaculture, Lousiana, 34(1): 36-39.
MONTEFORTE, M. e MORALES-MULIA, S. 2000 Growth and survival of the Califia mother-ofpearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley 1856) under different sequences of nursery culture-late culture at Bahí½a de La Paz, Baja California Sur,
México. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 31: 901-915.
NEWELL, R.C. e BRANCH, G.M. 1980 The influence of temperature on the maintenance of energy balance in marine invertebrates. Advances in Marine Biology, Plymouth, 17: 329-396.
NUMAGUCHI, K. e Y. TANAKA, K. 1986 Effects of salinity on mortality and growth of t h e spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Bulletin of National Research Institute of Aquaculture,Japan, 9: 41-44.
O'CONNOR, W.A. e LAWLER, N.F. 2003 Salinity and temperature tolerance of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata Rí¶ding. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 229: 493-506.
RIOS, E.C. 2009 Compendium of Brazilian Sea-shells.Rio Grande: Evangraf. 668p.
ROBERT, R.; HIS, E.; DINET, A. 1988 Combined effects of temperature and salinity on fed and starved larvae of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. Marine Biology, Kiel, 97: 95-100.
ROMERO, S.M.B.; MOREIRA, G.S. 1981 Efeitos combinados de salinidade e temperatura na sobrevivência de embriões e veligers de Perna perna (Linné, 1758) (Mollusca-Bivalvia). Boletim de Fisiologia Animal da Universidade de São Paulo,
São Paulo, 5: 45-58.
ROSE, R.A. 1990 A manual for the artificial propagation of the gold-lip or silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) from Western Australia. Perth:Fisheries Department. 41p.
ROSE, R.A. e BAKER, S.B. 1994 Larval and spat culture of Western Australian silver or gold-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima Jameson (Mollusca:Pteriidae). Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 126: 35-50.
SAUCEDO, P.E.; ORMART-CASTRO, P.; OSUNAGARCÍA, M. 2007 Towards development of large-scale hatchery cultivation of larvae and spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica in Mexico. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 273: 478-486.
SIDDALL, S.E. 1982 Dispersal and recruitment of tropical mussel larvae as affected by
temperature and salinity. Journal Shellfish Research, Hanover, 2(1): 106-107.
SOUTHGATE, P.C. e BEER, A.C. 1997 Hatchery and early nursery culture of the blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera, L.). Journal Shellfish Research, Hanover, 16: 561-568.
SOUTHGATE, P.C. e ITO, M. 1998 Evaluation of a partial flow-through culture technique for pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) larvae. Aquacultural Engineering, Netherlands, 18: 1-7.
SUPLICY, F.M.; SCHMITT, J.F.;MOLTSCHANIWSKYJ, N.A. e FERREIRA, J.F. 2003 Modeling of filter-feeding behavior in the Brown mussel, Perna perna (L.) exposed to
natural variations of seston availability in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Shellfish Research,Hanover, 22(1): 125-134.
TAYLOR, J.J.; SOUTHGATE P.C.; ROSE R.A. 2004 Effects of salinity on growth and survival of silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima, Jameson) spat. Journal of Sellfish Research, Hanover, 23(2):375-377.
TETTELBACH, S.T. e RHODES, E.W. 1988 Combined effects of temperature and salinity on embryos and larvae of the northen bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians. Marine Biology,London, 63: 249-256.
THIYAGARAJAN, V.; NAIR, K.V.K.;SUBRAMONIAM, T.; VENUGOPALAN, V.P. 2002 Larval settlement behaviour of the barnacle Balanus reticulatus in the laboratory. Journal of the Marine Biological Assocation of United Kingdom,Crambridge, 82: 579-582.
URBAN, H.J. 2000 Culture potential of the Caribbean pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata. I. Gametogenic activity, growth, mortality and production of a natural population. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 189:361-373.
YUKIHIRA, H.; LUCAS, J.S.; KLUMPP, D.W. 2000 Comparative effects of temperature on suspension feeding and energy budgets of the pearl oysters Pinctada maxima and P.margaritifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series,Oldendorf, 195: 179-188.
Hatchery tecnology for pearl oyster production.In: ALAGARSWAMI, K. Pearl culture. Coccin,India: Bulletin Central Marine Freshwater Research Institute, p.62-71.
ALAGARSWAMI, K.; DHARMARAJ, S.; CHELLAM, A.; VELAYUDHAN, T.S. 1989 Larval and
juvenile rearing of black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 76: 43-56.
ANIL, A.C.; CHIBA, K.; OKAMOTO, K;KUROKURA, H. 1995 Influence of temperature
and salinity on larval development of Balanus amphitrite: implications in fouling ecology.Marine Ecology Progress Series, Oldendorf, 118:159-166.
ANIL, A.C.; DESAI, D.; KHANDEPARKER, L. 2001 Larval development and metamorphosis in Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia; Thoracica): significance of food concentration, temperature and nucleic acids. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,Maryland Heights, 263: 125-141.
BEGON, M.; HARPER, J.; TOWNSEND, C. 2007 Ecologia: de Indivíduos a Ecossistemas. 4ª ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed Editora S/A. 740 p.
BURTON, R.F. 1983 Ionic regulation and water balance. In: SALEUDDIN, A.S.M. The MolluscaPhisiology. Part 2. New York: Academic Press.p.291-352.
CARTAGENA, B.F.C. 2008 Estrutura e distribuição espaço temporal da assembléia de peixes na região do Saco dos limões, Baía Sul, Florianópolis SC. Itajaí. 92p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí). Disponível em:http://siaibib01.univali.br/pdf/Beatriz%20Fernanda%20Chinchilla%20Cartagena.pdf Acesso em: 06 dez. 2011.
CHENG, W.; YEH S.H.; WANG C. S.; CHEN, J.C.2002 Osmotic and ionic changes in Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 203: 349-357.
DEATON, L. 2008 Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Molluscs. In: EVANS, D.H. Osmotic and ionic regulation: cells and animals. London:CRC Press.p.107-133.
DESAI, D. e ANIL, A.C. 2004 The impact of food type, temperature and starvation on larval development of Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: Thoracica). Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Maryland Heights,306: 113-137.
DESAI, D.; ANIL, A.C.; VENKAT, K. 2006 Reproduction in Balanus amphitrite Darwin
(Cirripedia: Thoracica): influence of temperature and food concentration. Marine Biology, Kiel, 149: 1431-1441.
DOROUDI, M.S. e SOUTHGATE, P.C. 2003 Embrionic and larval development of Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758). Molluscan Research, Sydney, 23: 101-107.
DOROUDI, M.S.; SOUTHGATE, P.C.; MAYER, J.1999 The combined effects of salinity and temperature on embryos and larvae of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 30: 271-277.
DRENT, J. 2002 Temperature responses in larvae of Macoma balthica from a northerly and southerly population of the European distribution range. Journal Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Maryland Heights, 275: 117-129.
FREIRE, C.A.; CAVASSIN, F.; RODRIGUES, E.N.; TORRES, A.H.; MCNAMARA, J.C. 2003
Adaptative patterns of osmotic and ionic regulation, and the invasion of fresh water by the palaemonid shrimps. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, New York, 136A: 771í 778.
FREIRE, C.A.; AMADO, E.M.; SOUZA L.R.; VEIGA,M.P.T.; VITULE, J.R.S.; SOUZA, M.M.;
PRODOCIMO, V. 2008 Muscle water control in crustaceans and fishes as a function of habitat,osmoregulatory capacity, and degree of euryhalinity. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, New York, 149A: 435í 446.
FUNAKOSHI, S.; SUZAKI, T.; WADA, K. 1985 Salinity tolerances of marine bivalves. In:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH US JAPAN MEETING ON AQUACULTURE, 13., Mie, Japan, 24-25/oct./1984. Anais… p.15-18.
HELM, M.M.; BOURNE, N.; LOVATELLI, A. 2004 Hatchery culture of bivalves. A practical manual. 1a ed. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 471.177p.
HYND, J.S. 1955 A revision of the Australian pearlshells, genus Pinctada (Lamellibranchia).Australian Journal Marine and Freshwater Research,Sydney, 6: 98-137.
KAKAZU, K. 1988 Aquaculture of molluscs-black-lip pearl oysters. In: SHOKITA, S. Aquaculture in Tropical Areas. Tokyo: Midori Shobo. p.228-234.
KINNE, O. 1970 Marine Ecology, A comprehensive,Integrated Treatise on life in Oceans and Coastal Waters: Part 1 Enviromental Factors. New York:Wiley Interscience. 681p.
LOOSANOFF, V.L. e DAVIS, H.C. 1963 Rearing of bivalve molluscs. Advances in Marine Biology,Plymouth, 1: 1í 136.
LOUGH, R.G. 1975 A revaluation of the combined effects of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of bivalve larvae using response surface techniques. Fishery Bulletin, Seattle, 73:86-94.
LUCAS, J.S. 2008 Enviromental Influences. In:SOUTHGATE P.C. e LUCAS J.S. The Pearl
Oyster. Oxford: Elsevier. p.187-228.
MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, E.; ACOSTA-SALMON,H.; RANGEL-DAVALOS, C.; OLIVERA, A.;
RUIZ-RUBIO, H.; ROMO-PINEIRA, A.K. 2003 Spawning and larval culture of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica in the laboratory. World Aquaculture, Lousiana, 34(1): 36-39.
MONTEFORTE, M. e MORALES-MULIA, S. 2000 Growth and survival of the Califia mother-ofpearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley 1856) under different sequences of nursery culture-late culture at Bahí½a de La Paz, Baja California Sur,
México. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 31: 901-915.
NEWELL, R.C. e BRANCH, G.M. 1980 The influence of temperature on the maintenance of energy balance in marine invertebrates. Advances in Marine Biology, Plymouth, 17: 329-396.
NUMAGUCHI, K. e Y. TANAKA, K. 1986 Effects of salinity on mortality and growth of t h e spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Bulletin of National Research Institute of Aquaculture,Japan, 9: 41-44.
O'CONNOR, W.A. e LAWLER, N.F. 2003 Salinity and temperature tolerance of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata Rí¶ding. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 229: 493-506.
RIOS, E.C. 2009 Compendium of Brazilian Sea-shells.Rio Grande: Evangraf. 668p.
ROBERT, R.; HIS, E.; DINET, A. 1988 Combined effects of temperature and salinity on fed and starved larvae of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. Marine Biology, Kiel, 97: 95-100.
ROMERO, S.M.B.; MOREIRA, G.S. 1981 Efeitos combinados de salinidade e temperatura na sobrevivência de embriões e veligers de Perna perna (Linné, 1758) (Mollusca-Bivalvia). Boletim de Fisiologia Animal da Universidade de São Paulo,
São Paulo, 5: 45-58.
ROSE, R.A. 1990 A manual for the artificial propagation of the gold-lip or silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) from Western Australia. Perth:Fisheries Department. 41p.
ROSE, R.A. e BAKER, S.B. 1994 Larval and spat culture of Western Australian silver or gold-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima Jameson (Mollusca:Pteriidae). Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 126: 35-50.
SAUCEDO, P.E.; ORMART-CASTRO, P.; OSUNAGARCÍA, M. 2007 Towards development of large-scale hatchery cultivation of larvae and spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica in Mexico. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 273: 478-486.
SIDDALL, S.E. 1982 Dispersal and recruitment of tropical mussel larvae as affected by
temperature and salinity. Journal Shellfish Research, Hanover, 2(1): 106-107.
SOUTHGATE, P.C. e BEER, A.C. 1997 Hatchery and early nursery culture of the blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera, L.). Journal Shellfish Research, Hanover, 16: 561-568.
SOUTHGATE, P.C. e ITO, M. 1998 Evaluation of a partial flow-through culture technique for pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) larvae. Aquacultural Engineering, Netherlands, 18: 1-7.
SUPLICY, F.M.; SCHMITT, J.F.;MOLTSCHANIWSKYJ, N.A. e FERREIRA, J.F. 2003 Modeling of filter-feeding behavior in the Brown mussel, Perna perna (L.) exposed to
natural variations of seston availability in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Shellfish Research,Hanover, 22(1): 125-134.
TAYLOR, J.J.; SOUTHGATE P.C.; ROSE R.A. 2004 Effects of salinity on growth and survival of silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima, Jameson) spat. Journal of Sellfish Research, Hanover, 23(2):375-377.
TETTELBACH, S.T. e RHODES, E.W. 1988 Combined effects of temperature and salinity on embryos and larvae of the northen bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians. Marine Biology,London, 63: 249-256.
THIYAGARAJAN, V.; NAIR, K.V.K.;SUBRAMONIAM, T.; VENUGOPALAN, V.P. 2002 Larval settlement behaviour of the barnacle Balanus reticulatus in the laboratory. Journal of the Marine Biological Assocation of United Kingdom,Crambridge, 82: 579-582.
URBAN, H.J. 2000 Culture potential of the Caribbean pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata. I. Gametogenic activity, growth, mortality and production of a natural population. Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 189:361-373.
YUKIHIRA, H.; LUCAS, J.S.; KLUMPP, D.W. 2000 Comparative effects of temperature on suspension feeding and energy budgets of the pearl oysters Pinctada maxima and P.margaritifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series,Oldendorf, 195: 179-188.
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