Dietary energy requirement for cachara juveniles, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum
Keywords:
carnivore, digestibility, siluriformes, performance, body composition, energyAbstract
Cachara, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, is a carnivorous freshwater catfish with high commercial value in Brazil, but the lack of knowledge about its nutritional requirements hinders the formulation of diets that allow maximum performance. Since dietary energy requirement of cachara is unknown, we tested increasing levels of gross energy (3.696, 4.049, 4.343, 4.828 and 5.232 kcal kg-1) with isonitrogenous (49% crude protein) diets for juvenile cachara. Groups of nine juveniles (84.43 ± 13.59 g) were stocked into 15 experimental units and fed the experimental diets for 90 days. A polynomial regression analysis revealed a quadratic effect of increasing the concentration of dietary gross energy on weight gain, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion, feed efficiency, feed consumption and apparent net protein retention. On the other hand, body fat increased linearly as dietary gross energy increased, contrary to moisture. The digestibility of protein, dry matter and energy did not vary significantly among diets containing 4,049; 4,343 and 4,828 kcal kg-1 gross energy. Therefore, for a maximum daily weight gain, the estimated energy requirement for juvenile cachara of 84.43 g to 240 g is 3,497 kcal kg-1 digestible energy, equivalent to a 8.08 kcal g-1 digestible energy : digestible protein ratio.
References
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Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(1): 1-9.
ALI, M.Z. e JAUNCEY, K. 2005 Approaches to optimizing dietary protein to energy ratio for
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outras espécies do gênero Pseudoplatystoma e seus Híbridos. In: BALDISSEROTO, B. e
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Food Reviews International, 6(3): 333-357.
CHO, C.Y. 1992 Feeding for rainbow trout and other salmonids. With reference to current estimates of energy and protein requirements. Aquaculture,100(1-3): 107-123.
CHO S.H.; LEE, S.M.; LEE, J.H. 2005 Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body
composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L) reared under optimum salinity and
temperature conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition,11(5): 235í 240.
CORNÉLIO, F.H.G.; CUNHA, D.A.; SILVEIRA, J.;ALEXANDRE, D.; SILVA, C.P.; FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2014 Dietary protein requirement of juvenile cachara catfish, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 45(1): 45-54.
COUTINHO, F.; PERES, H.; GUERREIRO, I.; POUSÃO-FERREIRA, P.; OLIVA-TELES, A. 2012
Dietary protein requirement of sharpsnout sea bream. Aquaculture, 356-357: 391-397.
CREPALDI, D.V.; FARIA, P.M.C.; TEIXEIRA, E.A.;RIBEIRO, L.P.; COSTA, A.A.P.; MELO, D.C.; CINTRA, A.P.R.; PRADO, S.A.; COSTA, F.A.A.;DRUMOND, M.L.; LOPES, V.E.; MORAES, V.E. 2007 O surubim na aquicultura do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 30(3/4):150-158.
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GUO, Z.; ZHU, X.; LIU, J.; HAN, D.; YANG, Y.;LAN, Z.; XIE, S. 2012 Effects of dietary protein
level on growth performance, nitrogen and energy budget of juvenile sturgeon, Acipenser
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HANSEN, J.O. e STOREBAKKEN, T. 2007 Effects of dietary cellulose level on pellet quality and nutrient digestibilities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 272(1-4): 458-465.
HILLESTAD, M.; JOHNSEN, F.; ASGARD, T. 2001 Protein to carbohydrate ratio in high-energy
diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 32(7): 517-529.
KAUSHIK, S.J. e MÉDALE, F. 1994 Review Energy requirements, utilization and dietary supply to
salmonids. Aquaculture, 124(1-4): 81-97.
KIM, K.W.; WANG, X.; CHOI, S.M.; PARK, G.P.;BAI, S.C. 2004 Evaluation of optimum dietary protein-to-energy ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 35(3): 250-255.
KITAGIMA, R.E. e FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2011 Digestibility of alternative protein-rich feedstuffs for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 42(3): 306-312.
LEE, S.M. e KIM, K.D. 2001 Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on the growth, protein
utilization and body composition of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort).
Aquaculture Research, 32(1): 39-45.
LEE, S.M. e KIM, K.D. 2009 Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body
composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Aquaculture Research, 40(16):
1830-1837.
LEE, S.M.; CHO, S.H.; KIM, K.D. 2000 Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Growth
and Body Composition of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 31(3): 306-315.
LIN, Y.H. e SHIAU, S.Y. 2003 Dietary lipid requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus,
and effects on immune responses. Aquaculture,225(1-4): 243-250.
LOVELL, R.T. 1998 Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. 2ª ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston. 267p.
MARTINO R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.; TRUGO, L.C. 2002 Effect of dietary lipid level on
nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Aquaculture, 209(1-4):
209-218.
MARTINO R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.;TRUGO, L.C. 2005 Performance, carcass composition and nutrient utilization of surubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Agassiz) fed diets with varying carbohydrate and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(2): 131-137.
MOHANTA, K.N.; MOHANTY, S.N.; JENA, J.; SAHU, N.P. 2009 A dietary energy level of 14.6 MJ kg-1 and protein-to-energy ratio of 20.2 g MJ-1 results in best growth performance and nutrient accretion in silver barb Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(6): 627-637.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1993 Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington, DC:
National Academic Press. 114p.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 2011 Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp.
Washington, D.C: National Academic Press. 360p.
POTTER, L.H. e MATTERSON, L.D. 1960 Metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for the growing
chick. Poultry Science, 39(3): 781-782.
SÁ, M.V.C. e FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2002 Exigência proteica e relação energia/proteína para alevinos de piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus).Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(1): 1-10.
SAMPAIO, A.M.B.M.; KUBITZA, F.; CYRINO, J.E.P. 2000 Relação energia: proteína na nutrição do
tucunaré. Scientia Agricola, 57(2): 213-219.
SILVA, T.S.C.; MORO, G.V.; SILVA, T.B.A.; DAIRIKI, J.K.; CIRYNO, J.E.P. 2013 Digestibility of feed ingredientes for the striped surubim Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Aquaculture Nutrition,19(4): 491-498.
STONE, D.A.J. 2003 Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(4): 337-369.
TAKAHASHI, L.S.I. e CYRINO J.E.P. 2006 Dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance of
speckled catfish, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Journal of Aquaculture on Tropics, 21(1): 13-19.
TAVARES, M.P. 1997 O surubim. In: MIRANDA, M.O.T. (org.), Surubim. Belo Horizonte: IBAMA
(coleção Meio Ambiente, Série Estudos Pesca,19). p.9-25.
WANG, Y.; GUO, J.L.; LI, K.; BUREAU, D.P. 2006 Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on
growth, feed utilization and body composition of cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides). Aquaculture, 252(2-4): 421-428.
WATANABE, T. 1982 Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 73B(1): 3í 15.
WILSON R.P. 1994 Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture, 124(1-4): 67-80.
Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(1): 1-9.
ALI, M.Z. e JAUNCEY, K. 2005 Approaches to optimizing dietary protein to energy ratio for
African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell,1822). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(2): 95-101.
AOAC - ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS INTERNATIONAL. 1999 Official
Methods of Analysis. 16ª ed. AOAC. Washington:DC. 1141p.
BORBA, M.R.; FRACALOSSI, D.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.2006 Dietary energy requirement of piracanjuba
fingerlings, Brycon orbignyanus, and relative utilization of dietary carbohydrate and lipid. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12(3): 183í 191.
BREMER NETO, H.; GRANER, C.A.F.; PEZZATO,L.E.; PADOVANI, C.A.; CANTELMO, O.A. 2003 Diminuição do teor de óxido de crômio (III) usado como marcador externo. Revista Brasileira
de Zootecnia, 32(2): 249-255.
BUREAU, D.P.; KAUSHIK, S.J.; CHO, C.Y. 2002 Bioenergetics. In: HALVER, J.E. e HARDY, R.W.
Fish Nutrition. Elsevier Science USA, New York:Academic Press. p.1í 59.
CAMPOS J.L. 2010 O cultivo do Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Spix; Agassiz, 1829),
outras espécies do gênero Pseudoplatystoma e seus Híbridos. In: BALDISSEROTO, B. e
GOMES, L.C. Espécies nativas para piscicultura no Brasil. Santa Maria: UFSM. p.335-361.
CHO, C.Y. 1990 Fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding: with special emphasis on salmonid aquaculture.
Food Reviews International, 6(3): 333-357.
CHO, C.Y. 1992 Feeding for rainbow trout and other salmonids. With reference to current estimates of energy and protein requirements. Aquaculture,100(1-3): 107-123.
CHO S.H.; LEE, S.M.; LEE, J.H. 2005 Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body
composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L) reared under optimum salinity and
temperature conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition,11(5): 235í 240.
CORNÉLIO, F.H.G.; CUNHA, D.A.; SILVEIRA, J.;ALEXANDRE, D.; SILVA, C.P.; FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2014 Dietary protein requirement of juvenile cachara catfish, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 45(1): 45-54.
COUTINHO, F.; PERES, H.; GUERREIRO, I.; POUSÃO-FERREIRA, P.; OLIVA-TELES, A. 2012
Dietary protein requirement of sharpsnout sea bream. Aquaculture, 356-357: 391-397.
CREPALDI, D.V.; FARIA, P.M.C.; TEIXEIRA, E.A.;RIBEIRO, L.P.; COSTA, A.A.P.; MELO, D.C.; CINTRA, A.P.R.; PRADO, S.A.; COSTA, F.A.A.;DRUMOND, M.L.; LOPES, V.E.; MORAES, V.E. 2007 O surubim na aquicultura do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 30(3/4):150-158.
FUJIMOTO, R.Y. e CARNEIRO, D.J. 2001 Adição de ascorbil polifosfato como fonte de vitamina C
em dietas para alevinos de pintado,Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz,1829). Acta Scentiarum, 23(4): 855-861.
GUO, Z.; ZHU, X.; LIU, J.; HAN, D.; YANG, Y.;LAN, Z.; XIE, S. 2012 Effects of dietary protein
level on growth performance, nitrogen and energy budget of juvenile sturgeon, Acipenser
baerii ♀ x A. gueldenstaedtii ââ„¢"š. Aquaculture, 338-341: 89-95.
HANSEN, J.O. e STOREBAKKEN, T. 2007 Effects of dietary cellulose level on pellet quality and nutrient digestibilities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 272(1-4): 458-465.
HILLESTAD, M.; JOHNSEN, F.; ASGARD, T. 2001 Protein to carbohydrate ratio in high-energy
diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 32(7): 517-529.
KAUSHIK, S.J. e MÉDALE, F. 1994 Review Energy requirements, utilization and dietary supply to
salmonids. Aquaculture, 124(1-4): 81-97.
KIM, K.W.; WANG, X.; CHOI, S.M.; PARK, G.P.;BAI, S.C. 2004 Evaluation of optimum dietary protein-to-energy ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 35(3): 250-255.
KITAGIMA, R.E. e FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2011 Digestibility of alternative protein-rich feedstuffs for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 42(3): 306-312.
LEE, S.M. e KIM, K.D. 2001 Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on the growth, protein
utilization and body composition of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort).
Aquaculture Research, 32(1): 39-45.
LEE, S.M. e KIM, K.D. 2009 Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body
composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Aquaculture Research, 40(16):
1830-1837.
LEE, S.M.; CHO, S.H.; KIM, K.D. 2000 Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Growth
and Body Composition of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 31(3): 306-315.
LIN, Y.H. e SHIAU, S.Y. 2003 Dietary lipid requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus,
and effects on immune responses. Aquaculture,225(1-4): 243-250.
LOVELL, R.T. 1998 Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. 2ª ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston. 267p.
MARTINO R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.; TRUGO, L.C. 2002 Effect of dietary lipid level on
nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Aquaculture, 209(1-4):
209-218.
MARTINO R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.;TRUGO, L.C. 2005 Performance, carcass composition and nutrient utilization of surubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Agassiz) fed diets with varying carbohydrate and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(2): 131-137.
MOHANTA, K.N.; MOHANTY, S.N.; JENA, J.; SAHU, N.P. 2009 A dietary energy level of 14.6 MJ kg-1 and protein-to-energy ratio of 20.2 g MJ-1 results in best growth performance and nutrient accretion in silver barb Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(6): 627-637.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1993 Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington, DC:
National Academic Press. 114p.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 2011 Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp.
Washington, D.C: National Academic Press. 360p.
POTTER, L.H. e MATTERSON, L.D. 1960 Metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for the growing
chick. Poultry Science, 39(3): 781-782.
SÁ, M.V.C. e FRACALOSSI, D.M. 2002 Exigência proteica e relação energia/proteína para alevinos de piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus).Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(1): 1-10.
SAMPAIO, A.M.B.M.; KUBITZA, F.; CYRINO, J.E.P. 2000 Relação energia: proteína na nutrição do
tucunaré. Scientia Agricola, 57(2): 213-219.
SILVA, T.S.C.; MORO, G.V.; SILVA, T.B.A.; DAIRIKI, J.K.; CIRYNO, J.E.P. 2013 Digestibility of feed ingredientes for the striped surubim Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Aquaculture Nutrition,19(4): 491-498.
STONE, D.A.J. 2003 Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(4): 337-369.
TAKAHASHI, L.S.I. e CYRINO J.E.P. 2006 Dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance of
speckled catfish, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Journal of Aquaculture on Tropics, 21(1): 13-19.
TAVARES, M.P. 1997 O surubim. In: MIRANDA, M.O.T. (org.), Surubim. Belo Horizonte: IBAMA
(coleção Meio Ambiente, Série Estudos Pesca,19). p.9-25.
WANG, Y.; GUO, J.L.; LI, K.; BUREAU, D.P. 2006 Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on
growth, feed utilization and body composition of cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides). Aquaculture, 252(2-4): 421-428.
WATANABE, T. 1982 Lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 73B(1): 3í 15.
WILSON R.P. 1994 Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture, 124(1-4): 67-80.
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