Desempenho produtivo, hematologia e crescimento muscular de tilapia do nilo alimentadas com isoleucina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n2p231Palavras-chave:
aminoácido essencial, aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, bioquímica, fibras musculares, hematologia, Oreochromis niloticusResumo
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a exigência dietética de isoleucina para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo com base no desempenho produtivo, respostas hematológicas e bioquímicas e crescimento muscular. Trezentos juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (18,09 ± 0,11 g) foram distribuídos em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro e alimentadas com cinco rações extrusadas isoproteicas (280 g kg-1 de proteína bruta) e isoenergéticas (3.000 kcal kg-1). As dietas formuladas continham 7,00; 8,18; 9,35; 10,53 e 11,70 g kg-1 de isoleucina. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no desempenho produtivo, parí¢metros bioquímicos e hematológicos, composição centesimal, composição corporal dos aminoácidos e crescimento muscular. A retenção corporal de isoleucina reduziu-se linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de isoleucina na dieta. A proteína é o nutriente com o maior custo na dieta dos peixes, assim, os resultados deste estudo contribuem para a formulação de dietas mais eficientes e com menores custos para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo.
Referências
AGUIAR, D.H.; BARROS, M.M.; PADOVANI, C.R.;PEZZATO, L.E.; DAL, PAI-SILVA, M. 2005
Growth characteristics of skeletal muscles tissue in Oreochromis niloticus larvae fed on a lysine
supplemented diets. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(5):1287-1298.
AHMED, I.; KHAN, M. 2006 Dietary branchedchain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). British Journal of
Nutrition, 96(3): 450-460.
ALMEIDA, F.L.A.; CARVALHO, R.F.; PINHAL,D.; PADOVANI, C.R.; MARTINS, C.; DAL,PAI-SILVA M. 2008 Differential expression of myogenic regulatory factor MyoD in pacu skeletal muscle (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae,Teleostei) during juvenile and adult growth phases. Micron, 39(8): 1306-1311.
AOAC. 1995 Oficial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 30p.
AOAC, Arlington.BENAKAPPA. S.; VARGHESE, T.J. 2003 Isoleucine,leucine and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch,1795). Acta Ichthyologica Piscatoria, 33(2): 161-172.
BITTENCOURT, N.L.R.; MOLINARI, L.M.; SCOARIS,D.O.; PEDROSO, R.B.; NAKAMURA, C.V.;UEDA-NAKAMURA, T.; ABREU í FILHO, B.A.;DIAS, FILHO, B.P. 2003 Haematological and biochemical values for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in semi-intensive system. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 25(2): 385-389.
BORGES, A.; SCOTTI, L.V.; SIQUEIRA, D.R.;JURINITZ, D.F.; WASSERMANN, G.F. 2004 Hematologic and serum biochemical values for jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 30(1): 21í 25.
BORLONGAN, I.G.; COLOSO, R.M. 1993 Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos) for essential amino acids. Journal Nutrition, 123(1): 125-132.
CALDER, P.C. 2006 Branched-chain amino acids and immunity. Journal Nutrition, 136(1): 288-293.
CHAMORRO, S.; BLAS, C.; GRANT, G.; BADIOLA, I.; MENOYO, D.; CARABAí"˜O, R. 2010 Effect of
dietary supplementation with glutamine and a combination of glutamine-arginine on intestinal
health in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. Journal of Animal Science, 88(1): 170-180.
CHANCE, R.E.; MERTZ, E.T.; HALVER, J.E. 1964 Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine
requirements of Chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. Journal Nutrition, 83(1): 177-185.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardization of blood aemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.
COWEY, C.B. 1994 Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture,124(1-4): 1-11.
DERIGGI, G.F.; INOUE í LAKA.; MORAES, G. 2006 Stress responses to handling in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus): assessment of eugenol as an alternative anesthetic. Acta
Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 269-274.
EL-HAWARRY, W. 2012 Biochemical and nonspecific immune parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their interspecific hybrid (male O. aureus x female O. niloticus)maintained in semi-intensive culture system.Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 2(1):84-88.
EL-SAYED, A.F.M. 2006 Tilapia culture. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, 277p.
FAO/GLOBEFISH 2013 Globefish highlights: A quarterly updates on word seafood market.
FAO/Globefish, 3(1): 61p.
FURUYA, W.M. 2010 Tabelas brasileiras para a nutrição de tilápias. GFM, Toledo, 100p.
FURUYA, W. M.; FURUYA, V.R.B. 2010 Nutritional innovation on amino acids supplementation in
Nile tilapia diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,39(1): 88-94.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL,E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GRIFFIN, M.E.; BROWN, P.B.; GRANT, A.L. 1992 The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile
hybrid striped bass. Journal Nutrition, 122(2):1332-1337.
HARPER, A.E.; MILLER, R.H.; BLOCK, K.P. 1984Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annual
Review of Nutrition, 4(1): 409-454.
HRUBEC, T.C.; CARDINALE, J.L.; SMITH, S.A. 2000 Hematology and plasma chemistry reference
intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29(1): 7-12.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA í IBGE 2015 Produção da pecuária municipal 2015, 43(1): 1-49.
IWAMA, G.K. 1998 Stress in fish. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 851(1): 304-310.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 1999 Muscle development and growth: potential implication for flesh quality in fish. Aquaculture, 177(1): 99í 115.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 2006 Environment and plasticity of myogenesis in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209: 2249-2264.
KHAN, M.A.; ABIDI, S.F 2007 Dietary isoleucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,
Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(6): 424-430.
KOUMANS, J.T.M.; AKSTER, H.A.; WITKAM, A.;OSSE, J.W.M. 1994 Numbers of muscle nuclei
and myosatellite cell nuclei in red and white axial muscle during growth of the carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Journal of Fish Biology, 44(3): 391í 408.
KOHLMEIER, M. 2003 Amino acids and nitrogen compounds. Nutrient Metabolism. Academic Press,London, 840p.
LUDKE, M.C.M.M.; LOPEZ, J. 1999 Colesterol e composição dos ácidos graxos nas dietas para
humanos e na carcaça suína. Ciência Rural, 29(1):181-187.
MANUEL, M.J.; MILLER, D.L.; MERRILL, A.L.2007 Hematology and plasma biochemical values of healthy hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) maintained in a recirculation system. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38(3): 420-424.
METCALF, V.J.; BRENNAN, S.O.; CHAMBERS, G.;GEORGE, P.M. 1999 High density lipoprotein
(HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zeland long-finned
(Anguilla dieffenbachia) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta, 1429(2): 467-475.
NEU, D.H.; FURUYA, W.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.;POTRICH, F.R.; LUI, T.A.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Glycerol inclusion in the diet of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2): 211-217.
NICULA, M.; BURA, M.; SIMIZ, E.; BANATEANDUNEA, I.; PATRUICA, S.; MARCU, A.;LUNCA, M.; SZELEI, Z. 2010 Researches concerning references values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae, and Salmonidae family. Journal Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1): 498-505.
POHLENZ, C.; BUENTELLO, A.; MWANGI, W.;GATLIN III, D.M. 2012 Arginine and glutamine supplementation to culture media improves the performance of various channel catfish immune
cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 32(5): 762-768.
POPMA, T.J.; LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia.
International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn, 42p.
POPMA, T.J.; MASSER, M. 1999 Tilapia: life history and biology. SRAC Publication, 283, 4p.
RANZANI-PAIVA. M.J.T.; SILVA-SOUZA, A.T. 2004 Hematologia de peixes brasileiros. In: Sanidade
de Organismos Aquáticos. (eds. RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T., TAKEMOTO, R.M., LIZAMA, M.) Varela, São Paulo: p.89-120.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T., BENITES DE PÁDUA, S., TAVARES-DIAS, M., EGAMI, M.I. 2013 Métodos
para análise hematológica em peixes. Eduem,Maringá, Paraná, 140p.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação
dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido.
Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 20(1): 329-334.
ROWLERSON, A.; VEGGETTI, A. 2001 Cellular mechanisms of post-embryonic muscle growth
in aquaculture species. In: Muscle Development and Growth. (ed. JOHNSTON, I.A.). Academic
Press, London. p.103-139.
SANTIAGO, C.B.; LOVELL, R.T. 1988 Amino acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal
Nutrition, 118(12): 1540-1546.
SCHIAVO, M.; LUNARDELLI, A.; OLIVEIRA, J.R.2003 Influência da dieta na concentração sérica
de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 39(4): 283-288.
STATSOFT, Inc. 2005 STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 7.1.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MORAES, F.R.; IMOTO, M.E. 2008 Hematological parameters in two freshwater
teleosts, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae)and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae).
Biosciense Journal, 24(3): 96-101.
TISCHLER, M.E.; DESAUTELS, M.; GOLDBERG,A.L. 1982 Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4):1613í 1621.
TROSVIK, K.A.; WEBSTER, C.E.; THOMPSON,K.R.; METTS, L.E.; GANNAM, A.; TWIBELL, R.2013 Effects on growth performance and body composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus,fry fed organic diets containing yeast extract and soybean meal as a total replacement of fish meal
without amino acid supplementation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29(3): 173-185.
VALENTE, L.M.P.; ROCHA, E.; GOMES, E.F.S.; SILVA, M.W.; OLIVEIRA, M.H.; MONTEIRO, R.A.F.; FAUCONNEAU, B. 1999 Growth and dynamics of white and red muscle fibres in fast- and slow-growing strains of rainbow trout.Journal Fish Biology, 55(4): 675-691.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood
of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica, 51(3):32-49.
WU, G. 2009 Amino acids: metabolism, functions and nutrition. Amino acids, 37(1): 1-17.
ZHOU, H.; CHEN, N.; QIU, X.; ZHAO, M.; J.I.N, L.2012 Arginine requirement and effect arginine
intake on immunity in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition,18(2): 107-116.
ZIMERMANN, S.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L.;MOREIRA, H.L.M. 2001 Fundamentos da moderna
aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas, 200p.
Growth characteristics of skeletal muscles tissue in Oreochromis niloticus larvae fed on a lysine
supplemented diets. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(5):1287-1298.
AHMED, I.; KHAN, M. 2006 Dietary branchedchain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). British Journal of
Nutrition, 96(3): 450-460.
ALMEIDA, F.L.A.; CARVALHO, R.F.; PINHAL,D.; PADOVANI, C.R.; MARTINS, C.; DAL,PAI-SILVA M. 2008 Differential expression of myogenic regulatory factor MyoD in pacu skeletal muscle (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae,Teleostei) during juvenile and adult growth phases. Micron, 39(8): 1306-1311.
AOAC. 1995 Oficial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 30p.
AOAC, Arlington.BENAKAPPA. S.; VARGHESE, T.J. 2003 Isoleucine,leucine and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch,1795). Acta Ichthyologica Piscatoria, 33(2): 161-172.
BITTENCOURT, N.L.R.; MOLINARI, L.M.; SCOARIS,D.O.; PEDROSO, R.B.; NAKAMURA, C.V.;UEDA-NAKAMURA, T.; ABREU í FILHO, B.A.;DIAS, FILHO, B.P. 2003 Haematological and biochemical values for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in semi-intensive system. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 25(2): 385-389.
BORGES, A.; SCOTTI, L.V.; SIQUEIRA, D.R.;JURINITZ, D.F.; WASSERMANN, G.F. 2004 Hematologic and serum biochemical values for jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 30(1): 21í 25.
BORLONGAN, I.G.; COLOSO, R.M. 1993 Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos) for essential amino acids. Journal Nutrition, 123(1): 125-132.
CALDER, P.C. 2006 Branched-chain amino acids and immunity. Journal Nutrition, 136(1): 288-293.
CHAMORRO, S.; BLAS, C.; GRANT, G.; BADIOLA, I.; MENOYO, D.; CARABAí"˜O, R. 2010 Effect of
dietary supplementation with glutamine and a combination of glutamine-arginine on intestinal
health in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. Journal of Animal Science, 88(1): 170-180.
CHANCE, R.E.; MERTZ, E.T.; HALVER, J.E. 1964 Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine
requirements of Chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. Journal Nutrition, 83(1): 177-185.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardization of blood aemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.
COWEY, C.B. 1994 Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture,124(1-4): 1-11.
DERIGGI, G.F.; INOUE í LAKA.; MORAES, G. 2006 Stress responses to handling in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus): assessment of eugenol as an alternative anesthetic. Acta
Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 269-274.
EL-HAWARRY, W. 2012 Biochemical and nonspecific immune parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their interspecific hybrid (male O. aureus x female O. niloticus)maintained in semi-intensive culture system.Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 2(1):84-88.
EL-SAYED, A.F.M. 2006 Tilapia culture. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, 277p.
FAO/GLOBEFISH 2013 Globefish highlights: A quarterly updates on word seafood market.
FAO/Globefish, 3(1): 61p.
FURUYA, W.M. 2010 Tabelas brasileiras para a nutrição de tilápias. GFM, Toledo, 100p.
FURUYA, W. M.; FURUYA, V.R.B. 2010 Nutritional innovation on amino acids supplementation in
Nile tilapia diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,39(1): 88-94.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL,E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GRIFFIN, M.E.; BROWN, P.B.; GRANT, A.L. 1992 The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile
hybrid striped bass. Journal Nutrition, 122(2):1332-1337.
HARPER, A.E.; MILLER, R.H.; BLOCK, K.P. 1984Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annual
Review of Nutrition, 4(1): 409-454.
HRUBEC, T.C.; CARDINALE, J.L.; SMITH, S.A. 2000 Hematology and plasma chemistry reference
intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29(1): 7-12.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA í IBGE 2015 Produção da pecuária municipal 2015, 43(1): 1-49.
IWAMA, G.K. 1998 Stress in fish. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 851(1): 304-310.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 1999 Muscle development and growth: potential implication for flesh quality in fish. Aquaculture, 177(1): 99í 115.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 2006 Environment and plasticity of myogenesis in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209: 2249-2264.
KHAN, M.A.; ABIDI, S.F 2007 Dietary isoleucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,
Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(6): 424-430.
KOUMANS, J.T.M.; AKSTER, H.A.; WITKAM, A.;OSSE, J.W.M. 1994 Numbers of muscle nuclei
and myosatellite cell nuclei in red and white axial muscle during growth of the carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Journal of Fish Biology, 44(3): 391í 408.
KOHLMEIER, M. 2003 Amino acids and nitrogen compounds. Nutrient Metabolism. Academic Press,London, 840p.
LUDKE, M.C.M.M.; LOPEZ, J. 1999 Colesterol e composição dos ácidos graxos nas dietas para
humanos e na carcaça suína. Ciência Rural, 29(1):181-187.
MANUEL, M.J.; MILLER, D.L.; MERRILL, A.L.2007 Hematology and plasma biochemical values of healthy hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) maintained in a recirculation system. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38(3): 420-424.
METCALF, V.J.; BRENNAN, S.O.; CHAMBERS, G.;GEORGE, P.M. 1999 High density lipoprotein
(HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zeland long-finned
(Anguilla dieffenbachia) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta, 1429(2): 467-475.
NEU, D.H.; FURUYA, W.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.;POTRICH, F.R.; LUI, T.A.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Glycerol inclusion in the diet of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2): 211-217.
NICULA, M.; BURA, M.; SIMIZ, E.; BANATEANDUNEA, I.; PATRUICA, S.; MARCU, A.;LUNCA, M.; SZELEI, Z. 2010 Researches concerning references values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae, and Salmonidae family. Journal Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1): 498-505.
POHLENZ, C.; BUENTELLO, A.; MWANGI, W.;GATLIN III, D.M. 2012 Arginine and glutamine supplementation to culture media improves the performance of various channel catfish immune
cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 32(5): 762-768.
POPMA, T.J.; LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia.
International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn, 42p.
POPMA, T.J.; MASSER, M. 1999 Tilapia: life history and biology. SRAC Publication, 283, 4p.
RANZANI-PAIVA. M.J.T.; SILVA-SOUZA, A.T. 2004 Hematologia de peixes brasileiros. In: Sanidade
de Organismos Aquáticos. (eds. RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T., TAKEMOTO, R.M., LIZAMA, M.) Varela, São Paulo: p.89-120.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T., BENITES DE PÁDUA, S., TAVARES-DIAS, M., EGAMI, M.I. 2013 Métodos
para análise hematológica em peixes. Eduem,Maringá, Paraná, 140p.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação
dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido.
Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 20(1): 329-334.
ROWLERSON, A.; VEGGETTI, A. 2001 Cellular mechanisms of post-embryonic muscle growth
in aquaculture species. In: Muscle Development and Growth. (ed. JOHNSTON, I.A.). Academic
Press, London. p.103-139.
SANTIAGO, C.B.; LOVELL, R.T. 1988 Amino acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal
Nutrition, 118(12): 1540-1546.
SCHIAVO, M.; LUNARDELLI, A.; OLIVEIRA, J.R.2003 Influência da dieta na concentração sérica
de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 39(4): 283-288.
STATSOFT, Inc. 2005 STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 7.1.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MORAES, F.R.; IMOTO, M.E. 2008 Hematological parameters in two freshwater
teleosts, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae)and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae).
Biosciense Journal, 24(3): 96-101.
TISCHLER, M.E.; DESAUTELS, M.; GOLDBERG,A.L. 1982 Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4):1613í 1621.
TROSVIK, K.A.; WEBSTER, C.E.; THOMPSON,K.R.; METTS, L.E.; GANNAM, A.; TWIBELL, R.2013 Effects on growth performance and body composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus,fry fed organic diets containing yeast extract and soybean meal as a total replacement of fish meal
without amino acid supplementation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29(3): 173-185.
VALENTE, L.M.P.; ROCHA, E.; GOMES, E.F.S.; SILVA, M.W.; OLIVEIRA, M.H.; MONTEIRO, R.A.F.; FAUCONNEAU, B. 1999 Growth and dynamics of white and red muscle fibres in fast- and slow-growing strains of rainbow trout.Journal Fish Biology, 55(4): 675-691.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood
of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica, 51(3):32-49.
WU, G. 2009 Amino acids: metabolism, functions and nutrition. Amino acids, 37(1): 1-17.
ZHOU, H.; CHEN, N.; QIU, X.; ZHAO, M.; J.I.N, L.2012 Arginine requirement and effect arginine
intake on immunity in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition,18(2): 107-116.
ZIMERMANN, S.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L.;MOREIRA, H.L.M. 2001 Fundamentos da moderna
aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas, 200p.
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2017-06-15
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