IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CARVACROL AGAINST SHRIMP PATHOGENS AND ITS USE AS FEED ADDITIVE FOR THE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e645Keywords:
aquaculture;, Litopenaeus vannamei;, essential oil;, food additive;, Vibrio.Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of carvacrol on different microorganisms of importance in shrimp farming, as well as its in vivo effect on zootechnical, immunological and microbiological performance, as well as resistance, of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In particular, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol was evaluated in vitro by analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by agar diffusion disc with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The in vivo experiment was conducted using different concentrations of carvacrol (1, 3, 4 and 6 mg mL-1) added to shrimp feed, together with a control diet without carvacrol. After four weeks, zootechnical, immunological and microbiological parameters, as well as resistance, of animals challenged with V. parahaemolyticus were evaluated. The MIC of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi was 0.078 mg mL-1, while for the other bacteria, it was 0.156 mg mL-1 of carvacrol. The greatest halos of inhibition were observed in V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi with significant differences demonstrated for the other microorganisms, except Escherichia coli. The in vivo results showed no significant differences among treatments. In conclusion, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol was confirmed with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and it is suggested that its antimicrobial potential is more effective against Vibrio spp. However, the concentrations of carvacrol used in vivo did not affect the parameters evaluated.
References
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FDA - Food and Drug Administration. 2017. CRF - Code of federal regulations title 21, 3: 25 - 26.
Garrett, W.S.; Gordon, J.I.; Glimcher, L.H. 2010. Homeostasis and Inflammation in the Intestine. Cell, 140 (6): 859í 870. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.023.
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Gracia-Valenzuela, M.H.; Vergara-Jiménez, M.J.; Baez-Flores, M.E.; Cabrera-Chavez, F. 2014. Antimicrobial effect of dietary oregano essential oil against vibrio bacteria in shrimps. Archives of Biological Sciences, 66(4): 1367í 1370. https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1404367G.
Guarda, A.; Rubilar, J.F.; Miltz, J.; Galotto, M.J. 2011. The antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated thymol and carvacrol. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 146(2): 144í 150. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.011.
Guimarães, A.G.; Oliveira, G.F.; Melo, M.S.; Cavalcanti, S.C.H.; Antoniolli, A.R.; Bonjardim, L.R.; Silva, F.A.; Santos, J.P.; Rocha, R.F.; Moreira, J.C. F.; Araujo, A.A.S.; Gelain, D.P.; Quintans-junior, L.J. 2010. Bioassay-guided evaluation of antioxidant and antinociceptive activities of carvacrol. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 107(6): 949í 957. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00609.x.
Hajlaoui, H.; Snoussi, M.; Noumi, E.; Zanetti, S.; Ksouri, R.; Bakhrouf A. 2010. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of five Tunisian aromatic plants. Italian Journal of Food Science, 22(3): 320í 329.
Inamuco, J.; Veenendaal, A.K.J.; Burt, S.A.; Post, J.A.; Bokhoven, J.L.M.T.V.; Haagsman, H.P.; Veldhuizen, E.J.A. 2012. Sub-lethal levels of carvacrol reduce Salmonella Typhimurium motility and invasion of porcine epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology, 157(1í 2): 200í 207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.021.
Knobloch, K.; Pauli, A.; Iberl, B.; Weigand, H.; Weis, N. 1989. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil Components. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1(3): 119-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697767.
Lemos, M.F.; Lemos, M.F.; Pacheco, H.P.; Guimarães, A.C.; Fronza, M.; Endringer, D.C.; Scherer, R. 2017. Seasonal variation affects the composition and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Thymus vulgaris. Industrial Crops and Products, 95: 543í 548. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.008.
Lima, D.S.; Lima, J.C.; Calvacanti, R.M.C.B.; Santos, B.H.C.; Lima, I.O. 2017. Estudo da atividade antibacteriana dos monoterpenos timol e carvacrol contra cepas de Escherichia coli produtoras de β-lactamases de amplo espectro. Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde, 8(1): 17í 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/s2176-62232017000100003.
Maggioni, D.S; Andreatta, E.R.; Hermes, E.M.; Barracco, M.A. 2004. Evaluation of some hemato-immunological parameters in female shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei submitted to unilateral eyestalk ablation in association with a diet supplemented with superdoses of ascorbic acid as a form of immunostimulation. Aquaculture, 241(1í 4): 501í 515. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00530-1.
Marinelli, L.; Stefano, A.D.; Cacciatore, I. 2018. Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents. Phytochemistry Reviews, 17(4): 903í 921. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9569-x.
NCCLS - National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2006. Methods for Broth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals; Approved Guideline. NCCLS document M49-A, 26. Wayne, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
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2021-09-13
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