Mortality of pacific white shrimp submitted to hypothermic and hyposalinic stress
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.310Keywords:
Litopenaeus vannamei, lethal temperature, lethal salinityAbstract
Abrupt changes in water quality parameters affect strongly the growth, survival and resistance to disease of farmed marine shrimps. However, unlike the determination of the toxic levels of substances affecting 50% of the population, standard protocols to nontoxic stressors tests are often neglected. The main objective of this work was to establish the lethal temperature (LT50) and salinity (LS50) for 50% of the population. Juvenile shrimps weighting from 10 g to 12 g and 17 day-postlarvae reared at 28 °C temperature and 32‰ salinity were submitted to hypothermic stress for one hour at temperatures of 7°C, 10°C, 11.5°C, 13°C and 16°C (juveniles), or for 72 hours at temperatures of 11°C, 12°C, 13°C and 14°C (postlarvae). Besides hypothermic stress, juveniles were submitted to 24 hours hyposaline stress in water having 0‰, 3‰, 6‰ and 9‰ salinities, and the postlarvae for 72 hours in water having 0‰, 1.5‰, 3‰, 4.5‰ and 6‰ salinities. Mortality rates were determined after those periods. The LT50 were 11.7 °C for juveniles and 12.9°C for postlarvae, and the LS50 were 2.4‰ and 1.8‰ for the juveniles and postlarvae, respectively.
References
ATWOOD, H.L.; TOMASSO, J.R.; WEBB, K.; GATLIN, D.M. 2003 Low temperature tolerance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: effects of environmental and dietary factors. Aquaculture Research, 34(3):241-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00811.x.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V.; MELO, C.B.; HENRIQUES, M.B. 2014 Effects of low salinity on juvenile pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Perez-Farfante 1967, Crustacea). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 47(4): 273-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.10 80/10236244.2014.929255.
CASTILLE JUNIOR, F.L.; LAWRENCE, A.L. 1981 The effect of salinity on the osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of euryhaline shrimp of the genus Penaeus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 68(1): 75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(81)90320-0.
CHARMANTIER, G. 1998 Ontogeny of osmoregulation in Crustaceans: a review. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 33(2-3): 177-190.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1998.9652630.
CHIM, L.; LEMAIRE, P.; DELAPORTE, M.; LE MOULLAC, G.; GALOIS, R.; MARTIN, J.L.M. 2001 Could a diet enriched with nâˆ"™3 highly unsaturated fatty acids be considered a promising way to enhance
the immune defenses and the resistance of Penaeid prawns to environmental stress? Aquaculture Research, 32(2): 91-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00534.x.
EMERENCIANO, M.; BALLESTER, E.L.C.; CAVALLI, R.O.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Effect of biofloc technology (BFT) on the early postlarval stage of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis: growth performance, floc composition and salinity stress tolerance. Aquaculture International,19(5): 891-901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-010-9408-6.
FAO í Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016 Fishery and aquaculture statistics: 2014. Available from: <http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2014_CD_Master/booklet/i5716t.pdf>. Access on: 8 jul. 2016.
FRY, F.E.J.; HART, J.S.; WALKER, K.F. 1946 Lethal temperature relations for a sample of young speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series, 54. Publications of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory, 66(1): 9-35.
HERNÁNDEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, M.; BíÅ“CKLE R, L.F.; PALACIOS, E.; BARÓN-SEVILLA, B. 2006 Preferential behavior of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) by progressive temperature â€"
salinity simultaneous interaction. Journal of Thermal Biology, 31(7): 565-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.05.008.
HOANG, T.; LEE, S.Y.; KEENAN, C.P.; MARSDEN, G.E. 2002 Cold tolerance of banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis de Man and its growth at different temperatures. Aquaculture Research, 33(1): 21-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557X.2001.00638.x.
HUAI, M.Y.; TIAN, L.X.; LIU, Y.J.; XU, A.L.; LIANG, G.Y.; YANG, H.J. 2009 Quantitative dietary threonine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in lowsalinity water. Aquaculture Research, 40(8): 904-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02181.x.
INENO, T.; TSUCHIDA, S.; KANDA, M.; WATABE high-temperature breeding. Fisheries Science, 71(4): 767-775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.01026.x.
JAYASANKAR, V.; JASMANI, S.; NOMURA, T.; NOHARA, S.; HUONG, D.T.T.; WILDER, M. 2009 Low salinities rearing of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: acclimation, survival and growth of postlarvae and juveniles. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,43(4): 345-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.43.345.
KIR, M.; KUMLU, M. 2008a Critical thermal minima of Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) acclimated to four temperature levels. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38(4): 535-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00185.x.
KÎâ„¢R, M.; KUMLU, M. 2008b Effect of temperature and salinity on low thermal tolerance of Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeidae).Aquaculture Research, 39(10): 1101-1106. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01973.x.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; PEIXOTO, S.; CAVALLI, R.O.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY JUNIOR, W. 2011 Superintensive culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a biofloc technology
system in southern Brazil at different stocking densities. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(5): 726-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00507.x.
KUMLU, M.; KIR, M. 2005 Food consumption, moulting and survival of Penaeus semisulcatus during over-wintering. Aquaculture Research,36(2): 137-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01196.x.
KUMLU, M.; KUMLU, M.; TíÅ“RKMEN, S. 2010a Combined effects of temperature and salinity on critical thermal minima of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae). Journal of Thermal Biology, 35(6): 302-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.06.008.
KUMLU, M.; TíÅ“RKMEN, S.; KUMLU, M. 2010b Thermal tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae) acclimated to four temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 35(6): 305-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.06.009.
LI, E.; CHEN, L.; ZENG, C.; YU, N.; XIONG, Z.; CHEN, X.; QIN, J.G.2008 Comparison of digestive and antioxidant enzymes activities,haemolymph oxyhemocyanin contents and hepatopancreas histology of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at various salinities. Aquaculture
(Amsterdam, Netherlands), 274(1): 80-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
aquaculture.2007.11.001.
LIU, H.; SUN, W.; TAN, N.; CHI, S.; DONG, X.; YANG, Q. 2012 Molecular cloning and expression of hepatopancreas glutamine synthetase in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, induced by acute hypo-osmotic stress. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 362-363: 80-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.031.
LUCU, C.; TOWLE, D.W. 2003 Na+í K+-ATPase in gills of aquatic crustacea.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 135(2): 195-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00064-3. PMid:12781821.
MCGRAW, W.J.; DAVIS, D.A.; TEICHERT-CODDINGTON, D.; ROUSE,D.B. 2002 Acclimation of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae to low salinity: Influence of age, salinity endpoint, and rate of salinity reduction. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(1): 78-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00481.x.
PAN, L.Q.; ZHANG, L.J.; LIU, H.Y. 2007 Effects of salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 273(4):711-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.218.
PARADO-ESTEPA, F.D. 1998 Survival of Penaeus monodon postlarvae and juveniles at different salinity and temperature levels. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 50(4): 174-183.
PAZ, P.E.; ROY, L.A.; DAVIS, D.A.; QUINTERO, H.E. 2011 Survival of postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei following acclimation to low salinity waters at different temperatures. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(4): 575-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00500.x.
PEIXOTO JUNIOR, S.; WASIELESKY JUNIOR, W.J.; LOUZADA JUNIOR,L.J. 2003 Comparative analysis of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis and pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, culture in extreme southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 14(1-2):101-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J028v14n01_07.
PÉQUEUX, A. 1995 Osmotic regulation in crustaceans. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15(1): 1-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1549010.
PONCE-PALAFOX, J.; MARTINEZ-PALACIOS, C.A.; ROSS, L.G. 1997 The effect of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 157(1-2): 107-115. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00148-8.
PRUITT, N.L. 1990 Adaptations to temperature in the cellular membranes of crustacea: Membrane structure and metabolism. Journal of Thermal Biology, 15(1): 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(90)90040-O.
QIU, J.; WANG, W.N.; WANG, L.J.; LIU, Y.F.; WANG, A.L. 2011 Oxidative stress, DNA damage and osmolality in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acute low temperature
stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 154(1): 36-41. PMid:21377542.
REYNOLDS, W.W. 1977 Temperature as a proximate factor in orientation behavior. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34(5): 734-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f77-114.
ROY, L.A.; DAVIS, D.A.; SAOUD, P.; BOYD, C.A.; PINE, H.J.; BOYD, C.E. 2010 Shrimp culture in inland low salinity waters. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2(4): 191-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01036.x.
ROY, L.A.; DAVIS, D.A.; SAOUD, P.; HENRY, P.R. 2007 Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 262(2-4): 461-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.10.011.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; GUAJARDO, H.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; CASTILLE, F.L.; SPEED, M.; MCKEE, D.A.; PAGE, K.I. 1998 A simple stress test for Penaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands),165(3-4): 233-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00264-6.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; BRAY, W.A. 1993 Design andoperation of an intensive nursery raceway system for penaeid shrimp. In: McVEY, J.P. CRC handbook of mariculture: vol. 1 - crustacean aquaculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 173-210.
SILVA, E.; CALAZANS, N.; SOARES, M.; SOARES, R.; PEIXOTO, S. 2010 Effect of salinity on survival, growth, food consumption and haemolymph osmolality of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 306(1-
4): 352-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.04.025.
SMIT, M.; HOLTHAUS, K.; TRANNUM, H.; NEFF, J.; KJEILENEILERTSEN, G.; JAK, R.; SINGSAAS, I.; HUIJBREGTS, M.;HENDRIKS, A. 2008 Species sensitivity distributions for suspended clays, sediment burial, and grain size change in the marine environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27(4): 1006-1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-339.1. PMid:18333685.
TSUZUKI, M.Y.; CAVALLI, R.O.; BIANCHINI, A. 2000 The effects of temperature, age, and acclimation to salinity on the survival of Farfantepenaeus paulensis postlarvae. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 31(3): 459-468.
VAN WYK, P.; SCARPA, J. 1999 Water quality requirements and management. In: VAN WYK, P.; DAVIS-HODGKINS, M.; LARAMORE, R.; MAIN, K.L.; MOUNTAIN, J.; SCARPA, J. Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Tallahassee: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. p. 128-138.
VILLEGAS, C.T. 1990 Evaluation of the salinity tolerance of Oreochromis mossambicus, O. niloticus and their F1 hybrids. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 85(1-4): 281-292. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90027-K.
VRIES, P.; TAMIS, J.E.; MURK, A.J.; SMIT, M.G.D. 2008 Development and application of a species sensitivity distribution for temperature-induced mortality in the aquatic environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27(12): 2591-2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-056.1.
PMid:18611083.
WANG, L.U.; CHEN, J.C. 2005 The immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its susceptibility to Vibrio alginolyticus at different salinity levels. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 18(4): 269-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2004.07.008. PMid:15561558.
XIE, S.; TIAN, L.; JIN, Y.; YANG, H.; LIANG, G.; LIU, Y. 2014 Effect of glycine supplementation on growth performance, body composition and salinity stress of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei fed low fishmeal diet. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 418-
419: 159-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.023.
XINGQIANG, W.; SUDHA, K.; CAO, M.; MA, S. 2010 Effects of low salinity and low temperature on survival, growth, and energy budget of juvenile Exopalaemon carinicauda. Journal of Shellfish Research, 29(4): 1035-1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.029.0405.
YE, L.; JIANG, S.; ZHU, X.; YANG, Q.; WEN, W.; WU, K. 2009 Effects of salinity on growth and energy budget of juvenile Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 290(1-2): 140-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.028.
ZHANG, P.; ZHANG, X.; LI, J.; GAO, T. 2009 Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 40(12): 1419-1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02240.x.