Benzocaine, MS-222, eugenol and menthol as anesthetics for juvenile Mugil liza
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n4p605Keywords:
anesthesia, aquaculture, fish, sedationAbstract
Anesthesia has been used as an aquaculture technique to facilitate the manipulation of the animals and to alleviate the stress caused by the management procedures. The present study aimed to determine the anesthetic efficacy of four drugs in Mugil liza juveniles. Fish (6.9 ± 1.4 g) were individually anesthetized (N=10 by concentration) using four concentrations of benzocaine (30, 40, 50 and 60 mg L-1), MS-222 (100, 125, 150 and 175 mg L-1), eugenol (50, 70, 90 and 110 mg L-1) and menthol (175, 200, 225 and 250 mg L-1). The criterion used to evaluate the best concentrations was the maximum time interval of 3 and 5 minutes for anesthesia and recovery of the fish respectively. The most efficient concentrations were: benzocaine, 50 mg L-1; MS-222, 150 mg L-1; eugenol 70 mg L-1 and menthol 225 mg L-1.
References
AYDIN, I.; AKBULUT, B.; KíÅ“ÇÃÅ“K, E.; KUMLU, M. 2015 Effects of temperature, fish size and dosage
of clove oil on anaesthesia in turbot (Psetta maxima Linnaeus, 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(4): 899-904.
BAUMGARTEN, M.G.Z.; WALLNER-KERSANACH, M.; NIENCHESKI, L.F.H. 2010 Manual de Análises
em Oceanografia Química. 2. ed. Rio Grande: FURG. 132p.
BERLINSKY, D.L.; WATSON, M.T; DIMAGGIO, M.A; BRETON, T.S. 2016 The use of tricaine
methanesulfonate, clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol for anesthesia induction in
alewives. North American Journal of Aquaculture,78(1): 84-91.
BHUJEL, R.C. 2008 Statistics for aquaculture. WileyBlackwell, Estados Unidos. 222p.
BOWKER, J.D.; TRUSHENSKI, J.T.; GLOVER, D.C.; CARTY, D.G. 2015 Sedative options for fish research: a brief review with new data on sedation of warm-, cool-, and coldwater fishes and
recommendations for the drug approval process. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 25(1): 147-163.
BROWN, L.A. 1985 Anesthesia and restraint. In: STOKOPF, M. Manual for the aquatic workshop.
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. National Capital Area Branch, Washington, DC. p. 79-86.
CARTER, K.M.; WOODLEY, C.M.; BROWN, R.S. 2011 A review of tricaine methanesulfonate for
anesthesia of fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 21(1): 51-59.
CARVALHO, C.V.A.; BIANCHINI, A.; TESSER, M.B.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2010 The effect of protein levels on growth, postprandial excretion and tryptic activity of juvenile mullet Mugil platanus (Gunther). Aquaculture Research, 41(4): 511-518.
CHAMBEL, J.R.; PINHO, R.; SOUSA, R.; FERREIRA, T.; BAPTISTA, T.; SEVERIANO, V.; MENDES, S.; PEDROSA, R. 2015 The efficacy of MS-222 as anaesthetic agent in four freshwater aquarium
fish species. Aquaculture Research, 46(7): 1582-1589.
COSTA, L.C.; XAVIER, J.A.A.; NEVES, L.F.M.; AZAMBUJA, A.M.V.; WASIELESKY JR, W.; FIGUEIREDO, M.R.C. 2013 Polyculture of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp and Mugil platanus mullet in earthen ponds. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(9): 605-611.
FABIANI, B.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; DIEMER, O.; BITTENCOURT, F.; NEU, D.H. 2013 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for Brycon hilarii. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences,
35(2): 113-117.
FAí"¡ANHA, M.F.; GOMES, L.C. 2005 Efficacy of menthol as an anesthetic for tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum, Characiformes: Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 35(1): 71-75.
GODINHO, H.M.; KAVAMOTO, E.T.; ANDRADETALMELLI, E.F.; SERRALHEIRO, P.C.S.; PAIVA, P.; FERRAZ, E.M. 1993 Induced spawning of the mullet Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 in Cananéia,
São Paulo, Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 20(1): 59-66.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPARRI-GOMES, R.A.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAíÅ¡JO-LIMA, C.A.R.M.
2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431.
GRESSLER L.T.; RIFFEL, A.P.K.; PARODI, T.V.; SACCO, E.M.H.; KOAKOSKI, G.; COSTA, S.T.; PAVANATO, M.A.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; CARON, B.; SCHMIDT, D.; LLESUY, S.F.; BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B.2014 Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen immersion anaesthesia with essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L’Hérit) Britton or tricaine methanesulfonate: effect on stress response and antioxidant status. Aquaculture Research, 45(6): 1061-1072.
HOSEINI, S.M.; RAJABIESTERABADI, H.; TARKHANI, R. 2015 Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes. Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 405-412.
LISBOA, V.; BACARCAROLLI, I.F.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; BIANCHINI, A. 2015 Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 13(2): 447-452.
LORENZO, D.; PAZ, D.; DELLACASSA, E.; DAVIES, P.; VILA, R.; CANIGUERAL, S. 2002 Essential
oils of Mentha pulegium and Mentha rotundifolia from Uruguay. Brazilian Archives of Biology and
Technology, 45(4): 519-524.
MARKING, L.L.; MEYER, F. P. 1985 Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries, 10(6): 2-5.
MENEZES, M.A. 1983 Guia prático para conhecimento e identificação das tainhas e paratis (Pisces,
Mugilidae) do litoral brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2(1): 1-12.
MIRGHAED, A.T.; GHELICHPOUR, M.; HOSEINI, S.M. 2016 Myrcene and linalool as new anesthetic
and sedative agents in common carp, Cyprinus carpio - Comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture,
464: 165-170.
NEIFFER, D.L.; STAMPER, M.A. 2009 Fish sedation, anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia:
Considerations, methods, and types of drugs. ILAR Journal, 50(4): 343-360.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; TESSER, M.B.; LOUZADA, L.R.; SANTOS, R.A.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2009 Benzocaine
and eugenol as anaesthetics for pompano juvenile Trachinotus marginatus. Ciência Rural, 39(3): 866-870.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; MAí"¡ADA, A.P.2006 Effect of temperature on growth and survival
of juvenile mullet Mugil platanus Günther, 1880. Atlí¢ntica, 28(1): 61-66.
OLIVEIRA, J.R.; CARMO, J.L.; OLIVEIRA, K.K.C.; SOARES, M.C.F. 2009 Sodium chloride, benzocaine
and clove oil in tilapia transport water. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(7): 1163-1169.
PEREIRA-DA-SILVA, E.M.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; DEL NERO, B. 2016 Menthol as anaesthetic for lambari Astyanax altiparanae (Garutti & Britski 2000): attenuation of stress responses. Aquaculture Research, 47(5): 1413-1420.
POERSCH, L.H.; SANTOS, M.H.S.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.; WASIELESKY JR, K. 2007 Efeito agudo do nitrato sobre alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,
33(2): 247-252.
ROSS, L.G.; ROSS, B. 2008 Anesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3ª ed. Blackwell
Publishing, Oxford, UK. 222p.
ROTILI, D.A.; DEVENS, M.A.; DIEMER, O.; LORENZ, E.K.; LAZZARI, R.; BOSCOLO, W.R.
2012 Uso de eugenol como anestésico em pacu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 42(3): 288-294.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious anaesthetic for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, 36(11): 1056- 1061.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; WASIELESKY, W.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.C. 2002 Effects of salinity on acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to juvenile Mugil platanus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, 68(5): 668-674.
SEPULCHRO, L.C.O.R.; CARVALHO, M.A.G.; GOMES, L.C. 2016 Salinity does not alter the effectiveness of menthol as an anesthetic and sedative during the handling and transport
of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 76(3): 757-763.
SHAKERI, M.; SADEGHPOUR, A.; KHARA, H. 2016 Anesthetic effect of xylazine and benzocaine on
hematological parameters and stress indicators of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Valenciennes, 1844). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 25(2): 357-362.
SICCHA-RAMIREZ, R.; MENEZES, N.A.; NIRCHIO, M.; FORESTI, F.; OLIVEIRA, C. 2014 Molecular
identification of mullet species of the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America and the
phylogeographic analysis of Mugil liza. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 22(1): 86-96.
SILVA, E.M.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; MARTINS, G.B.; ROMANO, L.A.; TESSER, M.B. 2013 Growth performance and feeding costs of juvenile mullet subjected to feed restriction. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(8): 906-912.
SIMí-ES, L.N.; GOMES, L.C. 2009 Menthol efficiency as anesthetic for juveniles Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 61(3): 613-620.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001 Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(3): 337-342.
SOUZA, R.A.R.; CARVALHO, C.V.A.; NUNES, F.F.; SCOPEL, B.R.; GUARIZI, J.D.; TSUZUKI, M.Y. 2012 Comparative effect of benzocaine, menthol and eugenol as anesthetics for juvenile fat snook. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 38(3): 247-255.
SOUZA, R.L.M.; VETTORAZZI, M.B.; KOBAYASHI, R.K.; NETO, M.A.F. 2015 Eugenol as an anaesthetic
in the management of farmed lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758). Revista Ciência
Agronômica, 46(3): 532-538.
TRUSHENSKI, J.T.; BOWKER, J.D.; COOKE, S.J.; ERDAHL, D.; BELL, T.; MACMILLAN, J.R.;YANONG, R.P.; HILL, J.E.; FABRIZIO, M.C.;GARVEY, J.E.; SHARON, S. 2013 Issues regarding the use of sedatives in fisheries and the need for immediate-release options. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 142(1): 156-170.
WEBER, R.A.; PELETEIRO, J.B.; GARCIA-MARTIN, L.O.; ALDEGUNDE, M. 2009. The efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol, metomidate, clove oil and MS-222 as anaesthetic agents in the Senegalese
sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Aquaculture, 288(1-2): 147-150.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews Published,
77(3): 591-625
ZAHL, I.H.; KIESSLING, A.; SAMUELSEN, O.B.; HANSEN, M.K. 2009 Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): effect of preanaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, temperature and stress. Aquaculture, 295(1-2): 52-59.
ZAMORA-SILLERO, J.; RAMOS, L.R.V.; ROMANO, L.A.; MONSERRAT, J.M.; TESSER, M.B. 2013
Effect of dietary dextrin levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, body composition,
hepatic triglycerides and glycogen of lebranche mullet juveniles (Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836,
Mugilidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(6):1342-1347.
of clove oil on anaesthesia in turbot (Psetta maxima Linnaeus, 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15(4): 899-904.
BAUMGARTEN, M.G.Z.; WALLNER-KERSANACH, M.; NIENCHESKI, L.F.H. 2010 Manual de Análises
em Oceanografia Química. 2. ed. Rio Grande: FURG. 132p.
BERLINSKY, D.L.; WATSON, M.T; DIMAGGIO, M.A; BRETON, T.S. 2016 The use of tricaine
methanesulfonate, clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol for anesthesia induction in
alewives. North American Journal of Aquaculture,78(1): 84-91.
BHUJEL, R.C. 2008 Statistics for aquaculture. WileyBlackwell, Estados Unidos. 222p.
BOWKER, J.D.; TRUSHENSKI, J.T.; GLOVER, D.C.; CARTY, D.G. 2015 Sedative options for fish research: a brief review with new data on sedation of warm-, cool-, and coldwater fishes and
recommendations for the drug approval process. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 25(1): 147-163.
BROWN, L.A. 1985 Anesthesia and restraint. In: STOKOPF, M. Manual for the aquatic workshop.
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. National Capital Area Branch, Washington, DC. p. 79-86.
CARTER, K.M.; WOODLEY, C.M.; BROWN, R.S. 2011 A review of tricaine methanesulfonate for
anesthesia of fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 21(1): 51-59.
CARVALHO, C.V.A.; BIANCHINI, A.; TESSER, M.B.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2010 The effect of protein levels on growth, postprandial excretion and tryptic activity of juvenile mullet Mugil platanus (Gunther). Aquaculture Research, 41(4): 511-518.
CHAMBEL, J.R.; PINHO, R.; SOUSA, R.; FERREIRA, T.; BAPTISTA, T.; SEVERIANO, V.; MENDES, S.; PEDROSA, R. 2015 The efficacy of MS-222 as anaesthetic agent in four freshwater aquarium
fish species. Aquaculture Research, 46(7): 1582-1589.
COSTA, L.C.; XAVIER, J.A.A.; NEVES, L.F.M.; AZAMBUJA, A.M.V.; WASIELESKY JR, W.; FIGUEIREDO, M.R.C. 2013 Polyculture of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp and Mugil platanus mullet in earthen ponds. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(9): 605-611.
FABIANI, B.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; DIEMER, O.; BITTENCOURT, F.; NEU, D.H. 2013 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for Brycon hilarii. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences,
35(2): 113-117.
FAí"¡ANHA, M.F.; GOMES, L.C. 2005 Efficacy of menthol as an anesthetic for tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum, Characiformes: Characidae). Acta Amazonica, 35(1): 71-75.
GODINHO, H.M.; KAVAMOTO, E.T.; ANDRADETALMELLI, E.F.; SERRALHEIRO, P.C.S.; PAIVA, P.; FERRAZ, E.M. 1993 Induced spawning of the mullet Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 in Cananéia,
São Paulo, Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 20(1): 59-66.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPARRI-GOMES, R.A.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAíÅ¡JO-LIMA, C.A.R.M.
2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431.
GRESSLER L.T.; RIFFEL, A.P.K.; PARODI, T.V.; SACCO, E.M.H.; KOAKOSKI, G.; COSTA, S.T.; PAVANATO, M.A.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; CARON, B.; SCHMIDT, D.; LLESUY, S.F.; BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B.2014 Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen immersion anaesthesia with essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L’Hérit) Britton or tricaine methanesulfonate: effect on stress response and antioxidant status. Aquaculture Research, 45(6): 1061-1072.
HOSEINI, S.M.; RAJABIESTERABADI, H.; TARKHANI, R. 2015 Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes. Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 405-412.
LISBOA, V.; BACARCAROLLI, I.F.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; BIANCHINI, A. 2015 Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 13(2): 447-452.
LORENZO, D.; PAZ, D.; DELLACASSA, E.; DAVIES, P.; VILA, R.; CANIGUERAL, S. 2002 Essential
oils of Mentha pulegium and Mentha rotundifolia from Uruguay. Brazilian Archives of Biology and
Technology, 45(4): 519-524.
MARKING, L.L.; MEYER, F. P. 1985 Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries, 10(6): 2-5.
MENEZES, M.A. 1983 Guia prático para conhecimento e identificação das tainhas e paratis (Pisces,
Mugilidae) do litoral brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2(1): 1-12.
MIRGHAED, A.T.; GHELICHPOUR, M.; HOSEINI, S.M. 2016 Myrcene and linalool as new anesthetic
and sedative agents in common carp, Cyprinus carpio - Comparison with eugenol. Aquaculture,
464: 165-170.
NEIFFER, D.L.; STAMPER, M.A. 2009 Fish sedation, anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia:
Considerations, methods, and types of drugs. ILAR Journal, 50(4): 343-360.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; TESSER, M.B.; LOUZADA, L.R.; SANTOS, R.A.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2009 Benzocaine
and eugenol as anaesthetics for pompano juvenile Trachinotus marginatus. Ciência Rural, 39(3): 866-870.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; MAí"¡ADA, A.P.2006 Effect of temperature on growth and survival
of juvenile mullet Mugil platanus Günther, 1880. Atlí¢ntica, 28(1): 61-66.
OLIVEIRA, J.R.; CARMO, J.L.; OLIVEIRA, K.K.C.; SOARES, M.C.F. 2009 Sodium chloride, benzocaine
and clove oil in tilapia transport water. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(7): 1163-1169.
PEREIRA-DA-SILVA, E.M.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; DEL NERO, B. 2016 Menthol as anaesthetic for lambari Astyanax altiparanae (Garutti & Britski 2000): attenuation of stress responses. Aquaculture Research, 47(5): 1413-1420.
POERSCH, L.H.; SANTOS, M.H.S.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.; WASIELESKY JR, K. 2007 Efeito agudo do nitrato sobre alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,
33(2): 247-252.
ROSS, L.G.; ROSS, B. 2008 Anesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3ª ed. Blackwell
Publishing, Oxford, UK. 222p.
ROTILI, D.A.; DEVENS, M.A.; DIEMER, O.; LORENZ, E.K.; LAZZARI, R.; BOSCOLO, W.R.
2012 Uso de eugenol como anestésico em pacu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 42(3): 288-294.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious anaesthetic for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, 36(11): 1056- 1061.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; WASIELESKY, W.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.C. 2002 Effects of salinity on acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to juvenile Mugil platanus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, 68(5): 668-674.
SEPULCHRO, L.C.O.R.; CARVALHO, M.A.G.; GOMES, L.C. 2016 Salinity does not alter the effectiveness of menthol as an anesthetic and sedative during the handling and transport
of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 76(3): 757-763.
SHAKERI, M.; SADEGHPOUR, A.; KHARA, H. 2016 Anesthetic effect of xylazine and benzocaine on
hematological parameters and stress indicators of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Valenciennes, 1844). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 25(2): 357-362.
SICCHA-RAMIREZ, R.; MENEZES, N.A.; NIRCHIO, M.; FORESTI, F.; OLIVEIRA, C. 2014 Molecular
identification of mullet species of the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America and the
phylogeographic analysis of Mugil liza. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 22(1): 86-96.
SILVA, E.M.; SAMPAIO, L.A.; MARTINS, G.B.; ROMANO, L.A.; TESSER, M.B. 2013 Growth performance and feeding costs of juvenile mullet subjected to feed restriction. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(8): 906-912.
SIMí-ES, L.N.; GOMES, L.C. 2009 Menthol efficiency as anesthetic for juveniles Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 61(3): 613-620.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001 Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(3): 337-342.
SOUZA, R.A.R.; CARVALHO, C.V.A.; NUNES, F.F.; SCOPEL, B.R.; GUARIZI, J.D.; TSUZUKI, M.Y. 2012 Comparative effect of benzocaine, menthol and eugenol as anesthetics for juvenile fat snook. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 38(3): 247-255.
SOUZA, R.L.M.; VETTORAZZI, M.B.; KOBAYASHI, R.K.; NETO, M.A.F. 2015 Eugenol as an anaesthetic
in the management of farmed lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758). Revista Ciência
Agronômica, 46(3): 532-538.
TRUSHENSKI, J.T.; BOWKER, J.D.; COOKE, S.J.; ERDAHL, D.; BELL, T.; MACMILLAN, J.R.;YANONG, R.P.; HILL, J.E.; FABRIZIO, M.C.;GARVEY, J.E.; SHARON, S. 2013 Issues regarding the use of sedatives in fisheries and the need for immediate-release options. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 142(1): 156-170.
WEBER, R.A.; PELETEIRO, J.B.; GARCIA-MARTIN, L.O.; ALDEGUNDE, M. 2009. The efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol, metomidate, clove oil and MS-222 as anaesthetic agents in the Senegalese
sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858). Aquaculture, 288(1-2): 147-150.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews Published,
77(3): 591-625
ZAHL, I.H.; KIESSLING, A.; SAMUELSEN, O.B.; HANSEN, M.K. 2009 Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): effect of preanaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, temperature and stress. Aquaculture, 295(1-2): 52-59.
ZAMORA-SILLERO, J.; RAMOS, L.R.V.; ROMANO, L.A.; MONSERRAT, J.M.; TESSER, M.B. 2013
Effect of dietary dextrin levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, body composition,
hepatic triglycerides and glycogen of lebranche mullet juveniles (Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836,
Mugilidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(6):1342-1347.
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2017-12-15
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